Biol 1610 Final Exam Review
Atoms:
- atomic number= number of protons
- Electrons determine the chemical behavior of an atom
- The chemical reactivity of an atom is determined by the electrons in the outermost or
valence shell
- Each electrons shell has a specific number of electrons. The inner shell holds up to 2
electrons. The second shell holds up to 8 electrons and the third shell no more than 18
electrons.
- Every atom is striving for the perfect set of electrons.
HONC+P:
- Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphate
- H loves 1 covalent bonds
- O loves 2 covalent bonds
- N loves 3 covalent bonds
- C loves 4 covalent bonds
- P loves 5 covalent bonds
Polarity:
- the way you share leads to polarity
- Unequal sharing of electrons leads to polar covalent bonds
- Ionic bonds involve transfer no sharing) of electrons and big charge difference.
- Determining the type of bond:
1. Nonpolar covalent bonding: electrons are shared equally (0-0.5)
2. Polar covalent bonding: electrons are shared unequally (0.5-1.7)
3. Ionic bonding: electrons are transferred (1.7-+)
- The difference in electronegativities of the bonding atoms and the shape of water
molecules make it polar
pH:
-pH is the concentration [] of H+
- The pH scale is logarithmic
- pH determines which direction the reaction goes
- Acid/ Base:
, -acids are molecules that can DONATE hydrogen ions and DECREASE pH.
COOH——- H+ +COO-
- negatively charged
-bases are molecules that can ACCEPT hydrogen ions and INCREASE pH.
NH2 + H+ ———— NH3
- positively charged
Functional Groups:
-amino: basic, charged, amino acids, bases of nucleic acids
-Carboxyl: acidic, charged, amino acids, fatty acids, other acids
-Carbonyl: polar, sugars
-Hydroxyl: polar, hydrophilic, sugars and alcohols
-Phosphate: acidic, charged, hydrophilic, phospholipids in membrane, dna backbone, ATP,
important role in regulation
DNA:
- dna stores the instructions for cellular work.
- Nucleotides can also have other important functions in a cell
- The structure of DNA allows its replication:
- During replication, the two strands of the parental duplex separate
- Each parental strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new daughter
strand. Using the base pairing rules of A with T and G with C.
- The bases are paired in the duplex either A-T or G-C
- Nucleotide monomers join together via phosphodiester bonds to make nucleic acids
- New dna strand is made 5’ to 3’
- 3’ OH of the growing strand stacks the first phosphate of the incoming nucleotide
Atoms:
- atomic number= number of protons
- Electrons determine the chemical behavior of an atom
- The chemical reactivity of an atom is determined by the electrons in the outermost or
valence shell
- Each electrons shell has a specific number of electrons. The inner shell holds up to 2
electrons. The second shell holds up to 8 electrons and the third shell no more than 18
electrons.
- Every atom is striving for the perfect set of electrons.
HONC+P:
- Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphate
- H loves 1 covalent bonds
- O loves 2 covalent bonds
- N loves 3 covalent bonds
- C loves 4 covalent bonds
- P loves 5 covalent bonds
Polarity:
- the way you share leads to polarity
- Unequal sharing of electrons leads to polar covalent bonds
- Ionic bonds involve transfer no sharing) of electrons and big charge difference.
- Determining the type of bond:
1. Nonpolar covalent bonding: electrons are shared equally (0-0.5)
2. Polar covalent bonding: electrons are shared unequally (0.5-1.7)
3. Ionic bonding: electrons are transferred (1.7-+)
- The difference in electronegativities of the bonding atoms and the shape of water
molecules make it polar
pH:
-pH is the concentration [] of H+
- The pH scale is logarithmic
- pH determines which direction the reaction goes
- Acid/ Base:
, -acids are molecules that can DONATE hydrogen ions and DECREASE pH.
COOH——- H+ +COO-
- negatively charged
-bases are molecules that can ACCEPT hydrogen ions and INCREASE pH.
NH2 + H+ ———— NH3
- positively charged
Functional Groups:
-amino: basic, charged, amino acids, bases of nucleic acids
-Carboxyl: acidic, charged, amino acids, fatty acids, other acids
-Carbonyl: polar, sugars
-Hydroxyl: polar, hydrophilic, sugars and alcohols
-Phosphate: acidic, charged, hydrophilic, phospholipids in membrane, dna backbone, ATP,
important role in regulation
DNA:
- dna stores the instructions for cellular work.
- Nucleotides can also have other important functions in a cell
- The structure of DNA allows its replication:
- During replication, the two strands of the parental duplex separate
- Each parental strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new daughter
strand. Using the base pairing rules of A with T and G with C.
- The bases are paired in the duplex either A-T or G-C
- Nucleotide monomers join together via phosphodiester bonds to make nucleic acids
- New dna strand is made 5’ to 3’
- 3’ OH of the growing strand stacks the first phosphate of the incoming nucleotide
