D676 Study Guide Questions with Verified
Correct Answers
stops
Consonant sounds produced by momentarily stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. Examples
include /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/.
nasals
Consonant sounds produced with the nasal passage open, allowing air to escape through the
nose. Examples include /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/.
frictatives
Consonant sounds produced by forcing air through a narrow opening or passage in the vocal
tract, creating friction. Examples include /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/.
affricatives
Consonant sounds that begin as stops but are released as fricatives. They involve a brief
stoppage of airflow followed by a slow release with friction. Examples include /tʃ/ (as in
"ch") and /dʒ/ (as in "judge").
glides
Consonant sounds produced with a smooth transition from one vowel sound to another. Also
known as semivowels. Examples include /j/ (as in "yes") and /w/ (as in "we").
liquids
Consonant sounds characterized by a partial closure of the vocal tract, allowing for the
relatively free flow of air. Liquids include /l/ and /r/.
phonological awareness
,ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of spoken language. It involves an individual's
awareness of the sound structure of words, including syllables, rhymes, and individual
phonemes (the smallest units of sound in a language)
phonemic awareness
ability to identify, isolate, manipulate, and substitute individual phonemes in spoken words
onset
the initial consonant or consonant cluster of a syllable that comes before the vowel sound
rime
the part of a syllable that consists of the vowel sound and any consonant sounds that follow it
consonant
a speech sound produced by obstructing the flow of air through the vocal tract
vowel
a speech sound produced without significant constriction or closure of the vocal tract
voiced
sounds produced with vibration of the vocal cords
unvoiced
sounds produced without vibration of the vocal cords
orthographic mapping
process by which individuals learn to recognize and store the visual representations of words
in their long-term memory
, diphthongs
complex vowel sounds that consist of a blend of two vowel sounds within the same syllable
silent letter patterns
sequences in words where certain letters are written but not pronounced, such as the "k" in
"knight" or the "b" in "lamb"
graphemes
the written symbols (letters or combinations of letters) that represent phonemes (speech
sounds) in written language
phonemes
the smallest units of sound in spoken language that distinguish one word from another
fluency
accuracy, rate, prosody
prosody
reading with intonation, phrasing, and expression
foundational writing
the fundamental skills and concepts that serve as the building blocks for effective written
communication
syntax
the rules that govern the order of words in sentences
-ex: In English, the sentence "She eats apples" follows a subject-verb-object pattern.
orthography
Correct Answers
stops
Consonant sounds produced by momentarily stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. Examples
include /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/.
nasals
Consonant sounds produced with the nasal passage open, allowing air to escape through the
nose. Examples include /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/.
frictatives
Consonant sounds produced by forcing air through a narrow opening or passage in the vocal
tract, creating friction. Examples include /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/.
affricatives
Consonant sounds that begin as stops but are released as fricatives. They involve a brief
stoppage of airflow followed by a slow release with friction. Examples include /tʃ/ (as in
"ch") and /dʒ/ (as in "judge").
glides
Consonant sounds produced with a smooth transition from one vowel sound to another. Also
known as semivowels. Examples include /j/ (as in "yes") and /w/ (as in "we").
liquids
Consonant sounds characterized by a partial closure of the vocal tract, allowing for the
relatively free flow of air. Liquids include /l/ and /r/.
phonological awareness
,ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of spoken language. It involves an individual's
awareness of the sound structure of words, including syllables, rhymes, and individual
phonemes (the smallest units of sound in a language)
phonemic awareness
ability to identify, isolate, manipulate, and substitute individual phonemes in spoken words
onset
the initial consonant or consonant cluster of a syllable that comes before the vowel sound
rime
the part of a syllable that consists of the vowel sound and any consonant sounds that follow it
consonant
a speech sound produced by obstructing the flow of air through the vocal tract
vowel
a speech sound produced without significant constriction or closure of the vocal tract
voiced
sounds produced with vibration of the vocal cords
unvoiced
sounds produced without vibration of the vocal cords
orthographic mapping
process by which individuals learn to recognize and store the visual representations of words
in their long-term memory
, diphthongs
complex vowel sounds that consist of a blend of two vowel sounds within the same syllable
silent letter patterns
sequences in words where certain letters are written but not pronounced, such as the "k" in
"knight" or the "b" in "lamb"
graphemes
the written symbols (letters or combinations of letters) that represent phonemes (speech
sounds) in written language
phonemes
the smallest units of sound in spoken language that distinguish one word from another
fluency
accuracy, rate, prosody
prosody
reading with intonation, phrasing, and expression
foundational writing
the fundamental skills and concepts that serve as the building blocks for effective written
communication
syntax
the rules that govern the order of words in sentences
-ex: In English, the sentence "She eats apples" follows a subject-verb-object pattern.
orthography
