LING-115 Midterm Review (Units 1-4)
with correct answers 100% 2026
code-switching - Correct Answers The use of two or more languages in a single
conversation/sentence by bilingual or multilingual speakers
Sentence boundary code-switching - Correct Answers 1st level of CS. Each sentence is entirely in
one language, but speakers alternate between languages in different sentences
Extra-sentential code switching - Correct Answers 2nd level of CS. Short phrases or single words
in L1 or inserted at the beginning or end of a sentence in L2 (aka "tag-insertion")
Clause-boundary code switching - Correct Answers 3rd level of CS. Switches between L1 and L2
are made at clause boundaries
Intra-sentential code switching - Correct Answers 4th level of CS. Switches are made within
clauses, often multiple times (aka "code-mixing")
Insertional code switching - Correct Answers L1 is fully switched on ("matrix" or "base"
language). Vocab from L2 is inserted into the base language.
Alternational code switching - Correct Answers L1 and L2 are both fully switched on and appear
in equal amounts (2 base languages).
Diglossia - Correct Answers A type of bilingual situation in which two varieties of a single
language are spoken in complementary distribution, used for different functions.
Extended diglossia - Correct Answers Involves two distinct languages patterning in the typical H
and L ways
, Triglossia - Correct Answers Involves three varieties/languages in H/L relations to each other
Khatarevousa Greek - Correct Answers H variety of Greek in 20thC Greece. Associated with the
Orthodox Greek church and right wing nationalists.
Dhimotiki Greek - Correct Answers L variety of Greek in 20thC Greece. Associated with
democracy and left-wing politics.
Modern Standard Arabic - Correct Answers Modernized form of classical Arabic, used in most
forms of writing. Functions as the H variety of Arabic.
Regional colloquial Arabic (RCA) - Correct Answers L variety of Arabic, used in most spoken
interactions.
Modern Standard Greek - Correct Answers Current form of Greek developed from Dhimotiki
Greek.
The Invariant System Hypothesis - Correct Answers A language consists in (a) a set of words/a
vocabulary and (b) a set of rules on grammar and pronunciation. These rules are used in the
same way by a population of speakers.
Counter-example to Invariant System Hypothesis - Correct Answers American English vs. British
English
Mutual Intelligibility Hypothesis - Correct Answers If 2 speakers can communicate successfully,
they're speaking varieties of the same language. If 2 speakers cannot communicate successfully,
they're speaking different languages.
with correct answers 100% 2026
code-switching - Correct Answers The use of two or more languages in a single
conversation/sentence by bilingual or multilingual speakers
Sentence boundary code-switching - Correct Answers 1st level of CS. Each sentence is entirely in
one language, but speakers alternate between languages in different sentences
Extra-sentential code switching - Correct Answers 2nd level of CS. Short phrases or single words
in L1 or inserted at the beginning or end of a sentence in L2 (aka "tag-insertion")
Clause-boundary code switching - Correct Answers 3rd level of CS. Switches between L1 and L2
are made at clause boundaries
Intra-sentential code switching - Correct Answers 4th level of CS. Switches are made within
clauses, often multiple times (aka "code-mixing")
Insertional code switching - Correct Answers L1 is fully switched on ("matrix" or "base"
language). Vocab from L2 is inserted into the base language.
Alternational code switching - Correct Answers L1 and L2 are both fully switched on and appear
in equal amounts (2 base languages).
Diglossia - Correct Answers A type of bilingual situation in which two varieties of a single
language are spoken in complementary distribution, used for different functions.
Extended diglossia - Correct Answers Involves two distinct languages patterning in the typical H
and L ways
, Triglossia - Correct Answers Involves three varieties/languages in H/L relations to each other
Khatarevousa Greek - Correct Answers H variety of Greek in 20thC Greece. Associated with the
Orthodox Greek church and right wing nationalists.
Dhimotiki Greek - Correct Answers L variety of Greek in 20thC Greece. Associated with
democracy and left-wing politics.
Modern Standard Arabic - Correct Answers Modernized form of classical Arabic, used in most
forms of writing. Functions as the H variety of Arabic.
Regional colloquial Arabic (RCA) - Correct Answers L variety of Arabic, used in most spoken
interactions.
Modern Standard Greek - Correct Answers Current form of Greek developed from Dhimotiki
Greek.
The Invariant System Hypothesis - Correct Answers A language consists in (a) a set of words/a
vocabulary and (b) a set of rules on grammar and pronunciation. These rules are used in the
same way by a population of speakers.
Counter-example to Invariant System Hypothesis - Correct Answers American English vs. British
English
Mutual Intelligibility Hypothesis - Correct Answers If 2 speakers can communicate successfully,
they're speaking varieties of the same language. If 2 speakers cannot communicate successfully,
they're speaking different languages.
