SUNY Downstate Medical Center NRMS 5190 | Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide | 100% Updated fall 2026/2, A+ Guide.

NRMS 5190
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Pathophysiology Exam1 Study Guide: hy hy h y hy




Chapter 1: Concepts ofHealth and Disease
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- **Pathophysiology: is the studyofthe body's response to dysfunction ordisease; hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




“physiology ofaltered health” hy hy hy




o Example: Pathophysiology is the mechanism ofhigh blood pressure h y hy hy hy hy hy hy




Aspects ofthe Disease Process:
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- *Etiology: is the causes ofdisease hy hy hy hy




- *Pathogenesis: explains how the disease process evolves — it is the sequence ofevents hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




that take place fromtime ofcontact with etiologic agent until the expression ofthe
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disease hy




- *Morphologic changes: refers to both gross anatomic andmicroscopic changes that are hy hy hy hy hy hy hy h
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characteristic ofdisease
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- Clinical Manifestations: can be obvious or silent - for example an illness can cause
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fever that makes it evident a person is sick, or there may be no symptoms and disease is
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not discovered until it is advanced (manycancers)
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- Diagnosis: is the designation ofthe cause ofthe health problem hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




- Clinical Course: describes the evolution ofa disease, it maybe acute or chronic
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Disease Diagnosis and Predictive Factors
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*Sensitivity: measures the proportion ofpositive test results out ofall truly positive samples;
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(called a True Positive Result). A test's sensitivity provides you with the percentage chance it
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will correctly identify a person who has the disease and test positive on the test
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- Sensitivity evaluates howgood a test is at detecting positive disease hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




- Example: a test with 90% sensitivity will correctlyreturn a positive result for 90% of
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people who have the disease but will return a negative (** false negative**) for 10% of
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people who have the disease andshould have testedpositive
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- Test with 90% sensitive, it will correctly return a positive result for 90% ofpeople who
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have the disease
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- Will return anegative, or false negative, for 10% ofthe people
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Specificity: measures the true negative rate; (a true Negative Result). Atest's specificity
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provides you with the percentage chance it will correctly identify a person who does not have the
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disease
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- Specificitycan be calculated onlyfromamong people who do not have the disease
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,NRMS 5190
hy Stuvia: the best study material from your fellow students
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- Example: a test with 90% specificity will correctly return a negative result for 90% of
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people who don't have the disease but will return a 10% (**false positive**) result for
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people who don't have the disease andshould have testednegative
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- False positive results are unduly stressful, and False Negative tests can delay diagnosis
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and jeopardize the outcome oftreatment
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KNOWTHIS: hy




- *Atest that has high sensitivity, will have lower specificity
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o An example ofwhere you want to know the sensitivity and specificity is a
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pregnancy test hy




Epidemiology


Epidemiology: the study of'factors affecting the health and illness ofpopulations; studyof
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disease occurrence in human populations, looks for patterns and factors in particular disorder and
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disease
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- Studyriskfactors formultifactorial disease such as heart disease andcancer in
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populations
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- “Whether something happens” rather than how hy hy hy hy hy




- Epidemiologic studies serve as a basis for clinical decision making, allocation of hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




healthcare dollars, and development ofpublic health policies
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Sources ofInformation for Epidemiologists:
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*KNOWTHIS: Know the difference between morbidity and mortality
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- Morbidity: describes the effects anillness has ona person's life hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




o Concerned with incidence, persistence, and long-termconsequences hy hy hy hy hy hy




o *Significant impact on a person's life; long termconsequences ofdisease hy hy hy hy hy h y hy hy hy




o Ex: Arthritis has a low death rate but has a significant impact on a person's life
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- Mortality: pertains to the causes ofdeath in a givenpopulation
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o Statics to calculate leading causes ofdeath hy hy hy hy hy

,NRMS 5190
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Three Levels ofDisease Prevention:
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*KNOW THIS: Know the difference between the three
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- Primary: removing risk factors so disease does not occur hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




o No disease present hy hy




o Ex: folic acidto prenatal/pregnant women, counseling people how to adopt
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healthy lifestyle, immunizations hy hy




- Secondary: early detection and treatment when disease is still curable hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




o Asymptomatic
o Ex: Paper smear, history taking, PE, labs, colonoscopy hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




- Tertiary: preventing further deterioration or reducing complication ofdisease
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o Clinical course/intervention hy




o Ex: antibiotic use, b-adrenergic drugs to decrease death in MI, provision for eye,
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foot, and cardio exams in people with DM hy hy hy hy hy hy hy




Evidence-Based Practice: the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use ofcurrent best evidence in
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making decisions about the care ofindividual patients
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- MUST be based on current evidence
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Cross sectional studies: can be used to compare the prevalence ofa disease in those with a specific
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factor with the prevalence ofa disease in those who are unexposed
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- Example: Heart disease in smokers vs. nonsmokers hy hy hy hy hy hy




Case control studies: comparing two groups — those with a disease or condition (cases) and a very
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similar group ofpeople who do not have the disease or condition (controls)
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- Example is the characteristics ofmaternal alcohol consumption in infants born with FAS
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(cases) can be compared with those in infants born without the syndrome (controls)
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- Another example would be lifeguards who developed facial skin cancers (cases)
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compared to lifeguards who did not develop facial skin cancers (control)
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Cohort studies (also known as Longitudinal studies): are followed over a period oftime to
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observe specific outcome
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- Maybe a single group or two groups specifically selected where one group has been
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exposed and the other has not, or a single exposed group in which the results are
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compared with the general population
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, More for this course
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You're studying NRMS 5190 hy h y h y




NRMS h y 5190 Other
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NRMS 5190 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2 Study Guide 2026/27 Update
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with complete solutions - SUNY Downstate Medical Center.
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Pathophysiolo... Other
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