AC HPAT BIOLOGY FINAL PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ How does insulin work in diabetes? Answer: Insulin pumps are small,
computerized devices that mimic the way the human pancreas works by
delivering small doses of short acting insulin continuously (basal rate).
The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of insulin when a
meal is eaten (bolus)
◉ chemotherapy. Answer: Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses
powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body.
Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow
and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body. It targets
cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or
surgery, which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your
body. But it can also affect some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of
the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.
◉ How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how
effective is it? Answer: Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells
in your bone marrow with new ones that make blood. Your doctor can
get the new stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem cell
transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however,
the transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients'
healthy tissue—often with fatal consequences. .. Stem cell therapy offers
,people suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the chance of
full recovery.
◉ Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in
removing cancerous tumours? Answer: Lasers are more precise than
standard surgical tools (scalpels), so they do less damage to normal
tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding, swelling,
and scarring. With laser therapy, operations are usually shorter.
◉ Urinary system. Answer: · The urinary system, also known as the
renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder,
and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste
from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels
of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
◉ Nanotechnology. Answer: Nanotechnology can provide rapid and
sensitive detection of cancer-related molecules, enabling scientists to
detect molecular changes even when they occur only in a small
percentage of cells.
◉ Mercury poisoning. Answer: The most common cause of mercury
poisoning is from consuming too much methyl mercury or organic
mercury, which is linked to eating seafood. Small amounts of mercury
are present in everyday foods and products, which may not affect your
health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts
affect primarily the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause
severe kidney damage; however, as they cannot cross the blood-brain
, barrier easily, these salts inflict little neurological damage without
continuous or heavy exposure.
◉ How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human
eye? Answer: UV rays may lead to macular degeneration, a leading
cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV rays, especially UV-B rays,
may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the
eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
◉ Macromolecules. Answer: Macromolecules are large molecules
composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules.
Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together,
forming a polymer.
◉ passive transport. Answer: Passive transport is a movement of ions
and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without
need of energy input. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input
of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the
system to grow in entropy.
◉ active transport. Answer: active transport is the movement of
molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a
region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.
Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ How does insulin work in diabetes? Answer: Insulin pumps are small,
computerized devices that mimic the way the human pancreas works by
delivering small doses of short acting insulin continuously (basal rate).
The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of insulin when a
meal is eaten (bolus)
◉ chemotherapy. Answer: Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses
powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body.
Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow
and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body. It targets
cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or
surgery, which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your
body. But it can also affect some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of
the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.
◉ How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how
effective is it? Answer: Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells
in your bone marrow with new ones that make blood. Your doctor can
get the new stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem cell
transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however,
the transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients'
healthy tissue—often with fatal consequences. .. Stem cell therapy offers
,people suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the chance of
full recovery.
◉ Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in
removing cancerous tumours? Answer: Lasers are more precise than
standard surgical tools (scalpels), so they do less damage to normal
tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding, swelling,
and scarring. With laser therapy, operations are usually shorter.
◉ Urinary system. Answer: · The urinary system, also known as the
renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder,
and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste
from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels
of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
◉ Nanotechnology. Answer: Nanotechnology can provide rapid and
sensitive detection of cancer-related molecules, enabling scientists to
detect molecular changes even when they occur only in a small
percentage of cells.
◉ Mercury poisoning. Answer: The most common cause of mercury
poisoning is from consuming too much methyl mercury or organic
mercury, which is linked to eating seafood. Small amounts of mercury
are present in everyday foods and products, which may not affect your
health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts
affect primarily the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause
severe kidney damage; however, as they cannot cross the blood-brain
, barrier easily, these salts inflict little neurological damage without
continuous or heavy exposure.
◉ How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human
eye? Answer: UV rays may lead to macular degeneration, a leading
cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV rays, especially UV-B rays,
may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the
eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
◉ Macromolecules. Answer: Macromolecules are large molecules
composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules.
Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together,
forming a polymer.
◉ passive transport. Answer: Passive transport is a movement of ions
and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without
need of energy input. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input
of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the
system to grow in entropy.
◉ active transport. Answer: active transport is the movement of
molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a
region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.
Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
