AC HPAT BIOLOGY ACTUAL EXAM 2026
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ passive transport. Answer: the movement of substances across a cell
membrane without the use of energy by the cell (diffusion)
◉ active transport. Answer: Energy-requiring process that moves
material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
◉ catalyst. Answer: substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical
reaction
◉ fluid mosaic model. Answer: model that describes the arrangement
and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
◉ Effect of qualitative factors on rate of diffusion of molecules across a
plasma membrane? Answer: The higher the temperature, the more
kinetic energy the particles will have, so they will move and mix more
quickly.
,◉ Structure and function of carbohydrate. Answer: sugars and starches
that the body uses for energy. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Typically in a 1:2:1 ratio
◉ What are the tree main types of carbohydrates. Answer: 1.
Monosaccharides - simple sugars ( ie glucose, 6 carbon, fructose and
galactose) 2. Disaccharides which are double sugars ( ie sucrose,
maltose, lactose) (consist of two monosaccharides bonded together
through a dehydration synthesis reaction [ results in loss of water
molecule] ) 3. Polysaccharides which are complex sugars ( many
monosaccharides bonded together) ( starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
◉ Structure and function of protein. Answer: made from many amino
acids connected together in different arrangements, provide the building
materials your body needs to grow and repair itself
◉ Enzymes. Answer: Proteins that speed up chemical reactions ( act as
catalysts)
◉ Structure and function of Lipids. Answer: Store energy. Consist
mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Do not dissolve in water,
because they are non polar ( electrons are shared equally in the molecule
)
-Fatty acids containing no double bonds are saturated.
-Fatty acids containing one double bond are mono-unsaturated.
, -Fatty acids containing two or more double bonds are polyunsaturated.
-Fats provide approximately 9 kcal/g.
◉ Lysosomes. Answer: An organelle containing digestive enzymes.
Destroy pathogens (white blood cells)
◉ Vacuoles. Answer: Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
◉ Mitochondria. Answer: Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the
site of ATP (energy) production. Cellular respiration's occurs here
◉ cell / plasma membrane. Answer: A cell structure that controls which
substances can enter or leave the cell.
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: site of protein synthesis
◉ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Answer: System of internal
membranes within the cytoplasm. Next to the nucleus & continuous with
the nuclear envelope. Membranes are rough due to the presence of
ribosomes. Produce proteins and fold them into three dimensional
shape.( some are used in ER and other are used in other part of cell)
before transporting them using vesicles.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ passive transport. Answer: the movement of substances across a cell
membrane without the use of energy by the cell (diffusion)
◉ active transport. Answer: Energy-requiring process that moves
material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
◉ catalyst. Answer: substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical
reaction
◉ fluid mosaic model. Answer: model that describes the arrangement
and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
◉ Effect of qualitative factors on rate of diffusion of molecules across a
plasma membrane? Answer: The higher the temperature, the more
kinetic energy the particles will have, so they will move and mix more
quickly.
,◉ Structure and function of carbohydrate. Answer: sugars and starches
that the body uses for energy. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Typically in a 1:2:1 ratio
◉ What are the tree main types of carbohydrates. Answer: 1.
Monosaccharides - simple sugars ( ie glucose, 6 carbon, fructose and
galactose) 2. Disaccharides which are double sugars ( ie sucrose,
maltose, lactose) (consist of two monosaccharides bonded together
through a dehydration synthesis reaction [ results in loss of water
molecule] ) 3. Polysaccharides which are complex sugars ( many
monosaccharides bonded together) ( starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
◉ Structure and function of protein. Answer: made from many amino
acids connected together in different arrangements, provide the building
materials your body needs to grow and repair itself
◉ Enzymes. Answer: Proteins that speed up chemical reactions ( act as
catalysts)
◉ Structure and function of Lipids. Answer: Store energy. Consist
mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Do not dissolve in water,
because they are non polar ( electrons are shared equally in the molecule
)
-Fatty acids containing no double bonds are saturated.
-Fatty acids containing one double bond are mono-unsaturated.
, -Fatty acids containing two or more double bonds are polyunsaturated.
-Fats provide approximately 9 kcal/g.
◉ Lysosomes. Answer: An organelle containing digestive enzymes.
Destroy pathogens (white blood cells)
◉ Vacuoles. Answer: Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
◉ Mitochondria. Answer: Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the
site of ATP (energy) production. Cellular respiration's occurs here
◉ cell / plasma membrane. Answer: A cell structure that controls which
substances can enter or leave the cell.
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: site of protein synthesis
◉ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. Answer: System of internal
membranes within the cytoplasm. Next to the nucleus & continuous with
the nuclear envelope. Membranes are rough due to the presence of
ribosomes. Produce proteins and fold them into three dimensional
shape.( some are used in ER and other are used in other part of cell)
before transporting them using vesicles.
