,South College NSG 5905 Quiz 2 | Models of Care Across
Lifespan (2026) Q&A
1. According to Piaget, which cognitive achievement first becomes possible during the
concrete operational stage?
A) Object permanence
B) Conservation of number and mass
C) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D) Egocentric perspective taking
Correct Answer: Conservation of number and mass
Rationale: Concrete operational thought, typically from about age 7 to 11, enables logical
reasoning about tangible quantities, including conservation—the understanding that
number, mass, and volume remain constant despite superficial changes. Object permanence
develops in infancy, hypothetical-deductive reasoning emerges in the formal operational
stage, and egocentric perspective taking characterizes the preoperational stage.
2. Which term refers to the process of modifying existing cognitive schemas to incorporate
new information that does not fit prior understanding?
A) Assimilation
B) Equilibration
C) Accommodation
D) Organization
Correct Answer: Accommodation
,Rationale: Accommodation is the Piagetian process of altering or creating schemas when
new information cannot be assimilated into existing cognitive structures. Assimilation
involves fitting new information into existing schemas, equilibration is the drive toward
cognitive balance, and organization refers to arranging schemas into coherent systems.
3. What is the primary function of scaffolding within Vygotsky's zone of proximal
development?
A) To provide permanent assistance that never fades
B) To offer temporary, adjustable support that is gradually withdrawn
C) To enforce rigid instruction regardless of the learner's level
D) To eliminate social interaction from learning
Correct Answer: To offer temporary, adjustable support that is gradually withdrawn
Rationale: Scaffolding provides temporary, responsive support within the zone of
proximal development so learners can accomplish tasks beyond their independent ability,
with support gradually withdrawn as competence increases. It is not permanent, rigid, or
devoid of social interaction.
4. According to Erikson, which psychosocial conflict is most characteristic of the preschool
years?
A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Initiative versus guilt
C) Industry versus inferiority
D) Identity versus role confusion
Correct Answer: Initiative versus guilt
, Rationale: Initiative versus guilt characterizes the preschool period, when children
increasingly initiate activities, explore roles, and develop a sense of purpose. Autonomy
versus shame and doubt belongs to toddlerhood, industry versus inferiority to school age,
and identity versus role confusion to adolescence.
5. Which attachment pattern is characterized by a child who shows little distress at
separation and avoids or ignores the caregiver upon reunion?
A) Secure attachment
B) Ambivalent attachment
C) Avoidant attachment
D) Disorganized attachment
Correct Answer: Avoidant attachment
Rationale: Avoidant attachment involves apparent indifference to separation and
avoidance or ignoring of the caregiver upon reunion, reflecting a strategy of minimizing
attachment needs. Secure attachment involves distress at separation and comfort at
reunion, ambivalent attachment involves mixed resistance and proximity-seeking, and
disorganized attachment involves contradictory behaviors.
6. What is the most likely outcome when a preschool child receives abstract, adult-oriented
explanations about a medical procedure?
A) Enhanced cooperation and understanding
B) Confusion and increased anxiety
C) Immediate developmental advancement
D) Improved memory consolidation
Correct Answer: Confusion and increased anxiety
Lifespan (2026) Q&A
1. According to Piaget, which cognitive achievement first becomes possible during the
concrete operational stage?
A) Object permanence
B) Conservation of number and mass
C) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D) Egocentric perspective taking
Correct Answer: Conservation of number and mass
Rationale: Concrete operational thought, typically from about age 7 to 11, enables logical
reasoning about tangible quantities, including conservation—the understanding that
number, mass, and volume remain constant despite superficial changes. Object permanence
develops in infancy, hypothetical-deductive reasoning emerges in the formal operational
stage, and egocentric perspective taking characterizes the preoperational stage.
2. Which term refers to the process of modifying existing cognitive schemas to incorporate
new information that does not fit prior understanding?
A) Assimilation
B) Equilibration
C) Accommodation
D) Organization
Correct Answer: Accommodation
,Rationale: Accommodation is the Piagetian process of altering or creating schemas when
new information cannot be assimilated into existing cognitive structures. Assimilation
involves fitting new information into existing schemas, equilibration is the drive toward
cognitive balance, and organization refers to arranging schemas into coherent systems.
3. What is the primary function of scaffolding within Vygotsky's zone of proximal
development?
A) To provide permanent assistance that never fades
B) To offer temporary, adjustable support that is gradually withdrawn
C) To enforce rigid instruction regardless of the learner's level
D) To eliminate social interaction from learning
Correct Answer: To offer temporary, adjustable support that is gradually withdrawn
Rationale: Scaffolding provides temporary, responsive support within the zone of
proximal development so learners can accomplish tasks beyond their independent ability,
with support gradually withdrawn as competence increases. It is not permanent, rigid, or
devoid of social interaction.
4. According to Erikson, which psychosocial conflict is most characteristic of the preschool
years?
A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Initiative versus guilt
C) Industry versus inferiority
D) Identity versus role confusion
Correct Answer: Initiative versus guilt
, Rationale: Initiative versus guilt characterizes the preschool period, when children
increasingly initiate activities, explore roles, and develop a sense of purpose. Autonomy
versus shame and doubt belongs to toddlerhood, industry versus inferiority to school age,
and identity versus role confusion to adolescence.
5. Which attachment pattern is characterized by a child who shows little distress at
separation and avoids or ignores the caregiver upon reunion?
A) Secure attachment
B) Ambivalent attachment
C) Avoidant attachment
D) Disorganized attachment
Correct Answer: Avoidant attachment
Rationale: Avoidant attachment involves apparent indifference to separation and
avoidance or ignoring of the caregiver upon reunion, reflecting a strategy of minimizing
attachment needs. Secure attachment involves distress at separation and comfort at
reunion, ambivalent attachment involves mixed resistance and proximity-seeking, and
disorganized attachment involves contradictory behaviors.
6. What is the most likely outcome when a preschool child receives abstract, adult-oriented
explanations about a medical procedure?
A) Enhanced cooperation and understanding
B) Confusion and increased anxiety
C) Immediate developmental advancement
D) Improved memory consolidation
Correct Answer: Confusion and increased anxiety
