Bio 225 Exam 3 Flashcards Duan questions and solution A+ grade
Endocrinology - -study of hormones
Growth hormone example - -Shorter people are deficient in the growth hormone, and
abnormally tall people have an excessive amount of the growth hormone.
Mutation for growth hormone deficiency is recessive.
Excessive amounts of growth hormone can lead to what disease? - -Acromagaly (a rare,
chronic, and serious disease caused by a pituitary tumor producing excess growth hormone
(GH) in adults, leading to abnormal growth of bones, tissues, and organs. Without treatment, it
causes severe health issues—like heart disease and diabetes—and premature death).
Thyroid hormone - -produced by the thyroid gland; (only endocrine organ we can feel)
Important for brain development
Hypothyroidism/cretinism - -Cretinism, or congenital hypothyroidism, is
a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth caused by untreated, severe thyroid
hormone deficiency present at birth (small kids/babies become mentally retarded).
Goiter - -thyroid gland grows oversized to make more thyroid hormone (happens later in
life)
Hyperthyroidism - -Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when the thyroid gland
produces excess thyroxine, speeding up the body's metabolism. Common symptoms include
,unintentional weight loss, rapid/irregular heartbeat, nervousness, sweating, and tremors. (Eyes
are popped out, all the time tired, very skinny).
Other examples of deficiency/excessiveness of hormones. - -Bones depleted with calcium
caused by a deficiency (parathyroid hormone and others, lots of hormones cause calcium
deficiency).
Sex steroid hormones. Tumor promoted release of hormones from pituitary gland. Deficiency in
sex steroid hormones can cause underdevelopment of sexual organs.
Hormone: classical definition - -chemical substances produced by specialized tissues
(endocrine glands) and transported through the bloodstream to other tissues where they act to
elicit a specific physiological response.
Exocrine gland vs endocrine gland - -Endocrine glands are ductless organs that secrete
hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions, whereas exocrine glands
use ducts to release substances (like sweat, saliva, or enzymes) onto internal or external
surfaces
List of classical endocrine glands - -Pineal (melatonin), hypothalamus, pituitary gland
(growth hormone), thyroid and parathyroid gland inside thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas,
ovary (estrogen), and testis (testosterone)
Types of cell signaling - -neuronal signaling (neuron releases neurotransmitter into
synapse and then that neurotransmitter affects the target cell)
autocrine signaling: Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell releases a signal that binds to
receptors on itself, often for self-regulation.
, Paracrine signaling: Paracrine signaling involves a cell releasing signals that bind to receptors on
adjacent, neighboring cells.
Direct cell signaling: a form of immediate, localized communication where adjacent cells
interact through physical contact or shared channels, such as gap junctions, to transfer ions and
molecules.
Endocrine signaling: a long-distance communication process where endocrine glands secrete
hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach distant target cells throughout the body.
Limitations of the classical definitions of hormones - -not all substances that have
hormonal activity are produced from specialized tissues. Many hormones have multiple
sources. Some hormones act locally without releasing into circulation.
IGF is a hormone made by every cell for example.
Broader definition of hormones - -Hormones are chemical substances realizing by one
cell and which act another cell. They are not nutrients and are effective in very low
concentrations.
the classical definition of hormones only covers what kinds of hormones? - -The classical
definition of hormones exclusively covers
endocrine signaling.
Endocrine signaling takes a longer time but has a longer response, while autocrine/paracrine
and neuronal signaling has what? - -has a rapid speed but has a shorter duration of
response.
Endocrinology - -study of hormones
Growth hormone example - -Shorter people are deficient in the growth hormone, and
abnormally tall people have an excessive amount of the growth hormone.
Mutation for growth hormone deficiency is recessive.
Excessive amounts of growth hormone can lead to what disease? - -Acromagaly (a rare,
chronic, and serious disease caused by a pituitary tumor producing excess growth hormone
(GH) in adults, leading to abnormal growth of bones, tissues, and organs. Without treatment, it
causes severe health issues—like heart disease and diabetes—and premature death).
Thyroid hormone - -produced by the thyroid gland; (only endocrine organ we can feel)
Important for brain development
Hypothyroidism/cretinism - -Cretinism, or congenital hypothyroidism, is
a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth caused by untreated, severe thyroid
hormone deficiency present at birth (small kids/babies become mentally retarded).
Goiter - -thyroid gland grows oversized to make more thyroid hormone (happens later in
life)
Hyperthyroidism - -Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when the thyroid gland
produces excess thyroxine, speeding up the body's metabolism. Common symptoms include
,unintentional weight loss, rapid/irregular heartbeat, nervousness, sweating, and tremors. (Eyes
are popped out, all the time tired, very skinny).
Other examples of deficiency/excessiveness of hormones. - -Bones depleted with calcium
caused by a deficiency (parathyroid hormone and others, lots of hormones cause calcium
deficiency).
Sex steroid hormones. Tumor promoted release of hormones from pituitary gland. Deficiency in
sex steroid hormones can cause underdevelopment of sexual organs.
Hormone: classical definition - -chemical substances produced by specialized tissues
(endocrine glands) and transported through the bloodstream to other tissues where they act to
elicit a specific physiological response.
Exocrine gland vs endocrine gland - -Endocrine glands are ductless organs that secrete
hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions, whereas exocrine glands
use ducts to release substances (like sweat, saliva, or enzymes) onto internal or external
surfaces
List of classical endocrine glands - -Pineal (melatonin), hypothalamus, pituitary gland
(growth hormone), thyroid and parathyroid gland inside thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas,
ovary (estrogen), and testis (testosterone)
Types of cell signaling - -neuronal signaling (neuron releases neurotransmitter into
synapse and then that neurotransmitter affects the target cell)
autocrine signaling: Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell releases a signal that binds to
receptors on itself, often for self-regulation.
, Paracrine signaling: Paracrine signaling involves a cell releasing signals that bind to receptors on
adjacent, neighboring cells.
Direct cell signaling: a form of immediate, localized communication where adjacent cells
interact through physical contact or shared channels, such as gap junctions, to transfer ions and
molecules.
Endocrine signaling: a long-distance communication process where endocrine glands secrete
hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach distant target cells throughout the body.
Limitations of the classical definitions of hormones - -not all substances that have
hormonal activity are produced from specialized tissues. Many hormones have multiple
sources. Some hormones act locally without releasing into circulation.
IGF is a hormone made by every cell for example.
Broader definition of hormones - -Hormones are chemical substances realizing by one
cell and which act another cell. They are not nutrients and are effective in very low
concentrations.
the classical definition of hormones only covers what kinds of hormones? - -The classical
definition of hormones exclusively covers
endocrine signaling.
Endocrine signaling takes a longer time but has a longer response, while autocrine/paracrine
and neuronal signaling has what? - -has a rapid speed but has a shorter duration of
response.
