Global Health Care Issues and Policies Holtz 2026 A GUARANTEED

Global Health Care Issues and Policies Holtz 2026 Study Guide | Real Exam Solutions What is global health? - answer - Health problems, issues, and concerns that cross national boundaries, may be influenced by other countries, and are best addressed through cooperative action. What is the common denominator underlying health disparities in both low- and high-income countries? - answer - Social inequality. According to the lecture, what factors contribute to disease in low-income countries? - answer - Poverty, poor sanitation, and poor nutrition. According to the lecture, what factors contribute to disease in high-income countries? - answer - Smoking, ultra-processed and sugary foods, and lack of physical activity. What is a key lesson from comparisons of global disease patterns? - answer - Health depends on more than healthcare; social conditions and inequality strongly influence health outcomes. What does the Global Burden of Disease material emphasize about health disparities within countries? - answer - Health disparities also occur within both low-income and high-income countries; national income alone does not explain differences between population groups. Why can the United States spend more on healthcare than other wealthy countries yet have worse outcomes? - answer - High spending does not guarantee good outcomes; access problems, waste, unequal outcomes, and social determinants of health also matter. What does the lecture say about U.S. healthcare spending compared with other high-income countries? - answer - The United States spends nearly twice as much as comparison high-income countries, yet many health outcomes are lower. What percentage of U.S. healthcare spending is considered wasteful in the lecture? - answer - Approximately 25%. How much does the United States spend annually on healthcare, according to the lecture? - answer - About $4.5 trillion per year, more than one-sixth of the U.S. economy (lecture figure from 2023). What are the four broad categories of healthcare services? - answer - Health promotion; disease prevention; diagnosis and treatment; rehabilitation. Why can upstream public-health interventions reduce healthcare costs? - answer - They address causes of illness before people need expensive treatment, emergency care, or hospitalization. Give an example of an upstream intervention that could reduce emergency department visits. - answer - Extending primary-care or urgent-care clinic hours so people can receive care for minor problems outside the ED. How can housing conditions contribute to health problems? - answer - Environmental conditions such as carpets that collect triggers can worsen asthma, especially for children living in rental housing. What is sticky pricing? - answer - Prices for goods or services resist changing even when input costs or demand patterns change. What are externalities in healthcare economics? - answer - Influences on the market beyond the direct buyer-seller relationship. What is adverse selection in health insurance? - answer - When healthier people opt out of insurance, leaving a pool with a higher proportion of people who need costly care. Why is healthcare pricing difficult for consumers to control? - answer - Consumers often do not know what services they need, cannot easily judge quality or compare prices, and often face unexpected costs. Why might insured consumers use more healthcare services? - answer - Insurance can reduce the price they personally pay at the point of service, which may encourage greater use of tests or services. When was the Affordable Care Act (ACA) signed into law, and by whom? - answer - It was signed into law in 2010 by President Barack Obama. What were the ACA's three major goals in the lecture? - answer - Make affordable insurance available to more people; expand Medicaid; support innovative care-delivery methods to lower costs. Name key provisions of the Affordable Care Act. - answer - Coverage of preventive servic