US HIST 2 Final Study Guide

US HIST 2 Final Study Guide 1 Men stand outside a soup kitchen in Chicago opened by Al Capone in February 1931. 60 million people, including many members of the middle class, were affected by the Great Depression by the end of 1932, and soup lines became common in urban cities. For many, the descent into poverty was a result of which of the following? • Collapsed banks that consumed life savings • Unwillingness to work hard • Absence of an insurance industry • Personal failings and poor planning RATIONALE CONCEPT Enduring the Great Depression 2 Which statement best represents Henry Cabot Lodge's position on American involvement in the proposed League of Nations? • “I offer 14 reservations I have about the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.” • "I am angry that my colleagues across the aisle aren't open to negotiating." • “The U.S. must join the League of Nations, and I will appeal to the American people for public support.” • “I urge that sanctions against aggressor nations be included in the League of Nations platform.” CONCEPT Woodrow Wilson's Vision: America and the League of Nations 3 Many historians have argued that the New Deal changed American politics and governance. Which statement supports this argument? • Franklin Roosevelt’s “fireside chats” inspired the public’s faith in the presidency, which lasted beyond his administration. • The balance of power within the three branches of government shifted, with Congress emerging as a more influential body. • Franklin Roosevelt’s weak political skills were offset by the combined manpower and long-lasting expertise of his “brain trusts.”• Most Americans rejected the expansion of government power and regulation that occurred during the New Deal. CONCEPT Interpreting the New Deal as an Historian 4 Which of the statements reflects President Herbert Hoover’s response to the Great Depression? • “I oppose the Federal Emergency Relief Act because it interferes with the balance of power between states and the federal government.” • "The federal government must step in to provide direct assistance to Americans until this crisis fades." • “Rather than being paralyzed by fear, we must act now to resolve the banking crisis and other problems associated with the Great Depression.” • "The American tradition of rugged individualism can't possibly see the nation and its people through this challenging time." CONCEPT Federal Responses to the Great Depression 5 Study the political cartoon published in Judge in 1905. Louis Dalrymple, “The World’s Constable," Judge, January 14, 1905 Which of the following is the best example of Theodore Roosevelt's use of "The New Diplomacy?" • U.S. Marines occupied Nicaragua after that country refused to accept loans from American banks to pay off its debts. • The U.S. Army participated in a joint operation with Spanish forces to put down an insurrection in Cuba. • The U.S. Navy intervened in the Panamanian revolution to secure American access to a canal site in Central America. • The Roosevelt Corollary reversed the Monroe Doctrine by allowing European nations to intervene in Latin American affairs. CONCEPT American Foreign Policy in the Progressive Era 6 Although many young Americans in urban areas were associated with the "new generation" during the 1920s, many inhabitants of rural America were part of a "nervous generation."Which of the following describes an aspect of the “nervous generation?” • Many turned to art produced by expatriates to express their discomfort with modern America. • They looked to science to explain the rapid social changes occurring in America. • Fearing change, some were willing to use the power of government to suppress dissent. • Jazz music was central to their political and cultural expression. CONCEPT The Roaring 20's: A Nervous Generation 7 Which statement is most likely to have been spoken by Booker T. Washington, reflecting his approach to black equality in the Progressive Era? • "We must work hard to gain the trust and support of our white neighbors." • “We as a people must move out of the South and settle in the North where we will have more freedom and opportunity.” • "We will not achieve racial harmony in the United States and therefore we should go to Africa." • “We must organize and gather our elite to litigate issues and be our spokespeople.” CONCEPT What it Means to be a Progressive 8 Choose the true statement about Progressives or the Progressive Era. • Progressives pushed for the nomination of candidates through a direct vote by party members. • The Progressive Era represented the apex of racial equality in America. • The Progressive Era marked the emergence of modern conservatism in the country. • Progressives had lofty goals for political, social and economic reform, but realized little actual policy change. CONCEPT Grass Roots Progressivism 9 The New Deal transformed the Democratic Party. Choose one example of this transformation. • The Democratic Party embraced the ideas of small government, fewer regulations and individual responsibilities. • Party dominance by white Southerners was challenged by new members, including northern liberals and African Americans.• President Franklin Roosevelt formally approached Congress to act on civil rights, including enacting a federal anti-lynching law. • Democratic leadership in individual states assumed responsibility for their own economic stability and prosperity. RATIONALE Under Franklin Roosevelt’s leadership, the Democratic Party gradually transformed into a new political coalition. By the end of the 1930s, many black voters had shifted loyalties from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party as a result of the attention paid to issues of race and civil rights during the New Deal by Eleanor Roosevelt. As a result, the dominance of the party by white Southerners was somewhat lessened. CONCEPT Challenges to the New Deal 10 What was one purpose of the Civil Works Administration, which was a part of Franklin Roosevelt’s First New Deal? • To provide a permanent solution to the exploitation of workers, this required industries to adhere to a minimum wage. • To provide jobs for the unemployed, workers were hired to construct public projects. • To expand the capacity of the Federal Reserve, this allowed the reopening of banks under federal supervision. • To stabilize crop prices, the government paid farmers to maintain production quotas. RATIONALE The Civil Works Administration was a public program that reduced unemployment by hiring workers to repair bridges, build roads and airports and complete other public works projects. CONCEPT Roosevelt's New Deal 11 Why did President Theodore Roosevelt use the power of his office to advance Progressive reform? • He believed the moral and social climate in the United States had deteriorated and required federal regulation. • He believed the disabled and the poor had been neglected and needed governmental welfare.• He believed the country needed governmental solutions to the ills of industrialization and corruption. • He believed that monopolies and other business combinations were perfectly acceptable under capitalism. CONCEPT Theodore Roosevelt 12 The Red Scare was a period following World War I in which Americans began to limit radical dissent. Which event is a consequence of the Red Scare? • Prices for consumer goods doubled within just a few years. • Labor union members of Russian descent were deported to the Soviet Union. • Americans became concerned about the Russian Revolution. • Radical groups and labor unions raided the offices of federal agents. RATIONALE The Red Scare—the period following World War I in which Americans restricted and discriminated against radical dissent—was preceded by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, one of the most significant periods of labor unrest in U.S. history, and increased fear of violence by anarchists and other radicals. During this period of fear and intolerance, thousands of suspected radicals, including 250 members of the Union of Russian Workers, were deported. CONCEPT The Significance of 1919 13 Youth in urban areas during the Roaring ’20s adopted a new morality. What was one of the features of this new morality? • A reinvigorated interest in hard work and responsibility • A rejection of consumer culture • A concern for natural conservation • A challenge to traditional gender roles CONCEPT The Roaring 20's: A New Generation 14 Choose the true statement about African American culture and politics in the 1920s. • Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City became associated with the “New Negro” movement.• Leaders like Marcus Garvey advocated integration and cooperation with whites as the path to equality. • Jazz venues like The Cotton Club catered strictly to black audiences. • Jazz music was particularly popular among rural African Americans. CONCEPT The Harlem Renaissance 15 “....It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to come in the world’s future. Heretofore there has always been in the history of the world a comparatively unoccupied land westward, into which the crowded countries of the East have poured their surplus populations. But the widening waves of migration, which millenniums ago rolled east and west from the valley of the Euphrates, meet to-day on our Pacific coast. There are no more new worlds… The time is coming when the pressure of population on the means of subsistence will be felt here as it is now felt in Europe and Asia. Then will the world enter upon a new stage of its history—the final competition of races, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled. Long before the thousand millions are here, the might centrifugal tendency, inherent in this stock and strengthened in the United States, will assert itself. Then this race of unequaled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it—the representative, let us hope, of the largest liberty, the purest Christianity, the highest civilization—having developed peculiarly aggressive traits calculated to impress its institutions upon mankind, will spread itself over the earth.” In writing his book titled Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis in 1885, and particularly the passage above, Reverend Josiah Strong made what argument about America's foreign policy goals? • He suggested that immigration should be tightened to avoid an influx of people arriving from Europe and Asia. • He proclaimed the urgent need for better education policy for schools in the United States, so its workers would be prepared to compete internationally. • He claimed that conquering other countries and territories would help the United States to become the richest country in the world. • He believed that expansion of missionary work would not only benefit people around the world, but would also invigorate American democracy. CONCEPT The Origins of American Imperialism 16 As cities began to adopt Progressive reforms for governance, these reforms included electing people to run specific city operations.What is the term for this reform? • The commission system • The city council • The recall system • The political machine CONCEPT Grass Roots Progressivism 17 Select a factor that shifted American foreign policy toward imperialism in the 1890s. • The U.S. government hoped to attract more immigrants to boost the American population. • Major European nations were beginning the process of decolonization. • Navy officials supported the acquisition of Pacific islands to establish bases and coaling stations. • American businessmen reduced their investments in mining and railroad ventures in Mexico. CONCEPT The Origins of American Imperialism 18 Which of the statements describes the relationship between U.S. participation in World War I and Progressive reform? • Antagonism toward the Germans, who ran most breweries in the U.S., helped to pass Prohibition. • Attention to the war effort effectively shut down the opportunity for any further Progressive reforms. • Public anger at Wilson for abandoning his position of neutrality helped democratic initiatives like the direct primary pass. • Nationalism led many Americans to show their support by conforming to government policies. CONCEPT Progressivism and the First World War 19 What was the purpose of Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal?” • Use the government to establish the United States as a military power on the world stage. • Use the government to address racial violence, inequality and women’s suffrage. • Use the government to create a level playing field for all hardworking Americans.• Use the government to ensure big business had the freedom to profit from its efforts. CONCEPT Theodore Roosevelt 20 Which of the following was a cause of the Great Depression? • Investors and the general public withdrew their money from banks. The more they withdrew, the closer the banks came to collapse. • A rapid rise in population due to a higher birthrate led to a demand for jobs and housing that were just not available. • Immigrants had arrived in large numbers during the previous decade and taken many low-paying jobs, leaving many Americans unemployed. • Consumerism outpaced supply and businesses had insufficient sources for their raw materials, causing prices to skyrocket. CONCEPT The Beginnings of the Great Depression 21 Read the sentence from a Chicago newspaper account of a race riot during the Red Summer. Some of the victims were chased, caught and dragged into alleys and lots, where they were left for dead. In all parts of the city, white mobs dragged from surface cars, black passengers wholly ignorant of any trouble, and set upon them. The writer of this account was most likely sympathetic to which group? • Chicago's black population • Chicago's police • Chicago's working class • Chicago's white population RATIONALE This article describes a race riot that occurred in Chicago in the summer of 1919 when a white mob stoned a young black boy to death because he swam too close to the “white beach” on Lake Michigan. The Chicago Defender, from which this excerpt comes, was the city’s leading African American newspaper. The language describing "white mobs" attacking "black passengers wholly ignorant of any trouble," who were "chased, caught and dragged into alleys and lots, where they were left for dead," suggests that the author is sympathetic to Chicago's black population. CONCEPT The Significance of Choose the true statement about the War of 1898. • The U.S. recognized the independence of Cuba, the Philippines and other Spanish colonial holdings. • Congress claimed Cuba as a U.S. territory and authorized the military to forcefully remove Spain. • During the war, the U.S. claimed Guam, Wake Island and parts of the Samoan Islands. • Newspapers reported the explosion on the U.S.S. Maine was the result of an ammunition accident. CONCEPT The Creation of an American Empire 23 President Franklin Roosevelt oversaw both a First New Deal and a Second New Deal to curb the Great Depression. Choose the action that was part of his Second New Deal. • He inaugurated the National Industrial Recovery Act to stabilize the manufacturing sector. • He created a long-standing pension fund for all retired people over the age of 65 and a provision on unemployment insurance. • He established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which sent federal money directly to the states. • He created the Civil Works Administration, a public program that directly hired workers for public works projects. RATIONALE The Second New Deal focused largely on long-term reforms to American society and the economy, including establishing a welfare state through the Social Security Act. The Social Security Act created a pension fund for retired people over the age of 65 and a provision on unemployment insurance. All of the other examples were part of the First New Deal, which was primarily characterized by a wave of legislative activity directed at immediate unemployment relief and industrial recovery. CONCEPT Roosevelt's New Deal 24 After President Woodrow Wilson’s “peace without victory” speech, several events occurred that led to the United States entering World War I. Which of these events most contributed to the United States entering the war?• The Zimmerman Telegram was sent to the German ambassador in Mexico. • The Mexican Revolution broke out. • Great Britain entered the war following Germany's invasion of Belgium. • Germany developed the U-boat as a weapon of war. CONCEPT Woodrow Wilson's Dilemma: American Neutrality and the First World War