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NTFS Alternate Data Streams (ADS) -ANSWER-A file system feature
allowing data to be stored in hidden streams separate from the main
file stream, frequently used by malware to hide payloads.
Volume Shadow Copies (VSS) -ANSWER-A backup technology in
Windows that captures point-in-time snapshots of volumes, often
targeted by ransomware or analyzed by DFIR investigators to recover
deleted files.
Linux /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow -ANSWER-System files containing
user account information and hashed passwords respectively, key
targets for enumeration and persistence during a Linux compromise.
Linux Crontab -ANSWER-A native scheduling utility on Unix-like
operating systems commonly abused by attackers to establish
persistent command execution.
SSH Authorized Keys -ANSWER-A file mechanism
(~/.ssh/authorized_keys) used for public key authentication that
adversaries frequently modify to maintain unauthorized persistent
remote access to Linux servers.
, Systemd Services -ANSWER-The system and service manager for
modern Linux distributions that can be configured with malicious
service units to achieve system-level persistence.
Network Flow (NetFlow / IPFIX) -ANSWER-Metadata describing network
traffic flows (source IP, destination IP, ports, byte counts) essential for
identifying anomalous outbound communication and data exfiltration.
DNS Tunneling -ANSWER-An evasion and exfiltration technique where
data is encoded within standard DNS queries and responses to bypass
traditional firewall rules.
Pass-the-Hash (PtH) -ANSWER-An authentication attack where an
adversary uses an intercepted NTLM password hash to authenticate to
other systems without cracking the plaintext password.
Pass-the-Ticket (PtT) -ANSWER-An attack method where an adversary
steals and reuses Kerberos ticket-granting tickets or service tickets to
gain unauthorized access across a domain.
Indicator of Compromise (IoC) -ANSWER-A forensic artifact (such as a
file hash, IP address, or domain name) that definitively identifies
malicious activity on a host or network.