MGY377 University of Toronto, Canada. Microbiology I: Bacteria. Final
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What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells? -ANSWER- Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus,
whereas eukaryotic cells possess one. Bacteria are prokaryotes, so their
DNA is located in the nucleoid region.
What is the primary function of the bacterial cell wall? -ANSWER- The
cell wall maintains cell shape and protects against osmotic lysis. In most
bacteria, its main structural component is peptidoglycan.
What is peptidoglycan composed of? -ANSWER- Peptidoglycan consists
of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM) sugars cross-linked by short peptide chains. This network gives
the bacterial cell wall strength.
What is the main difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria? -ANSWER- Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan
layer and generally retain crystal violet during Gram staining. Gram-
negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer
membrane.
,What is the function of the bacterial plasma membrane? -ANSWER- It
regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell and
supports processes such as energy generation and transport.
What is the bacterial nucleoid? -ANSWER- The nucleoid is the region
containing the bacterial chromosome. It is not enclosed by a nuclear
membrane.
What is the function of bacterial ribosomes? -ANSWER- Ribosomes
synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA. Bacterial ribosomes
are typically 70S, composed of 30S and 50S subunits.
What is the function of bacterial flagella? -ANSWER- Flagella enable
movement in many bacterial species. Their rotation can help bacteria
move toward favorable conditions or away from harmful ones.
What is a bacterial capsule? -ANSWER- A capsule is an organized outer
layer, often made of polysaccharides, that can help bacteria resist
desiccation, attach to surfaces, or evade host immune defenses.
What is the function of bacterial pili or fimbriae? -ANSWER- These
surface structures can help bacteria attach to host cells or surfaces.
Specialized pili can also participate in conjugative DNA transfer.
, What is an endospore? -ANSWER- An endospore is a dormant, highly
resistant structure produced by certain bacteria, including species of
Bacillus and Clostridium, to survive unfavorable conditions.
Why are bacterial endospores difficult to destroy? -ANSWER- Their
protective layers, dehydrated core, and specialized chemical
components provide resistance to heat, drying, radiation, and some
chemicals.
What is the difference between an endospore and a reproductive
spore? -ANSWER- A bacterial endospore primarily supports survival
under adverse conditions and does not increase cell number.
Reproductive spores function in reproduction in organisms that
produce them.
What is binary fission? -ANSWER- Binary fission is a common form of
bacterial cell division in which the chromosome is replicated and the
cell divides into two daughter cells.
What is a bacterial plasmid? -ANSWER- A plasmid is a DNA molecule
that replicates separately from the main chromosome and may carry
genes providing advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
What is the function of the bacterial cytoplasm? -ANSWER- The
cytoplasm contains enzymes, ribosomes, metabolites, and other
cellular components where many biochemical reactions occur.
Actual Exam 2026 || Most Recent Exam 2026|2027 Actual Complete
Real Exam Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Already
Graded A+ | Guaranteed Success!! Newest Exam | Just Released!!
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells? -ANSWER- Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus,
whereas eukaryotic cells possess one. Bacteria are prokaryotes, so their
DNA is located in the nucleoid region.
What is the primary function of the bacterial cell wall? -ANSWER- The
cell wall maintains cell shape and protects against osmotic lysis. In most
bacteria, its main structural component is peptidoglycan.
What is peptidoglycan composed of? -ANSWER- Peptidoglycan consists
of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM) sugars cross-linked by short peptide chains. This network gives
the bacterial cell wall strength.
What is the main difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria? -ANSWER- Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan
layer and generally retain crystal violet during Gram staining. Gram-
negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer
membrane.
,What is the function of the bacterial plasma membrane? -ANSWER- It
regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell and
supports processes such as energy generation and transport.
What is the bacterial nucleoid? -ANSWER- The nucleoid is the region
containing the bacterial chromosome. It is not enclosed by a nuclear
membrane.
What is the function of bacterial ribosomes? -ANSWER- Ribosomes
synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA. Bacterial ribosomes
are typically 70S, composed of 30S and 50S subunits.
What is the function of bacterial flagella? -ANSWER- Flagella enable
movement in many bacterial species. Their rotation can help bacteria
move toward favorable conditions or away from harmful ones.
What is a bacterial capsule? -ANSWER- A capsule is an organized outer
layer, often made of polysaccharides, that can help bacteria resist
desiccation, attach to surfaces, or evade host immune defenses.
What is the function of bacterial pili or fimbriae? -ANSWER- These
surface structures can help bacteria attach to host cells or surfaces.
Specialized pili can also participate in conjugative DNA transfer.
, What is an endospore? -ANSWER- An endospore is a dormant, highly
resistant structure produced by certain bacteria, including species of
Bacillus and Clostridium, to survive unfavorable conditions.
Why are bacterial endospores difficult to destroy? -ANSWER- Their
protective layers, dehydrated core, and specialized chemical
components provide resistance to heat, drying, radiation, and some
chemicals.
What is the difference between an endospore and a reproductive
spore? -ANSWER- A bacterial endospore primarily supports survival
under adverse conditions and does not increase cell number.
Reproductive spores function in reproduction in organisms that
produce them.
What is binary fission? -ANSWER- Binary fission is a common form of
bacterial cell division in which the chromosome is replicated and the
cell divides into two daughter cells.
What is a bacterial plasmid? -ANSWER- A plasmid is a DNA molecule
that replicates separately from the main chromosome and may carry
genes providing advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
What is the function of the bacterial cytoplasm? -ANSWER- The
cytoplasm contains enzymes, ribosomes, metabolites, and other
cellular components where many biochemical reactions occur.
