, PHIL 201 QUIZ 2
Philosophy and Contemporary Ideas
Logic, Fallacy & Argument
Liberty University
100-Question Original Practice Quiz | 2026/2027 Edition
Laws of Logic & Propositions
1. Which concept is best defined as: A thing is identical with itself?
A) Law of noncontradiction
B) Law of sufficient reason
C) Law of excluded middle
D) Law of identity
Correct Answer: D) Law of identity
Rationale: A is A expresses identity; it preserves stable reference in reasoning.
2. Which concept is illustrated by this case? A student says, "When I use the term justice in
thisargument, I will keep referring to the same concept unless I explicitly redefine it."
A) Law of excluded middle
B) Law of sufficient reason
C) Law of identity
D) Law of noncontradiction
Correct Answer: C) Law of identity
Rationale: A is A expresses identity; it preserves stable reference in reasoning.
3. Which concept is best defined as: A proposition cannot be both true and false in the same sense
atthe same time?
A) Law of identity
B) Law of excluded middle
C) Principle of charity
D) Law of noncontradiction
Correct Answer: D) Law of noncontradiction
Rationale: Contradiction is ruled out when the same claim is affirmed and denied in the same respect.
4. Which concept is illustrated by this case? A speaker rejects the claim that the same proposition
canbe both true and false at the same time in the same sense.
A) Principle of charity
B) Law of excluded middle
C) Law of noncontradiction
D) Law of identity
Correct Answer: C) Law of noncontradiction
PHIL 201 Quiz 2 | Logic, Fallacy & Argument | Liberty University | Original Practice Quiz Page 1
, Rationale: Contradiction is ruled out when the same claim is affirmed and denied in the same respect.
5. Which concept is best defined as: Either a proposition is true or its negation is true in
classicallogic?
A) Law of excluded middle
B) Law of analogy
C) Law of identity
D) Law of noncontradiction
Correct Answer: A) Law of excluded middle
Rationale: Classical bivalent logic allows no third truth value between P and not-P.
6. Which concept is illustrated by this case? A logician says that, for a definite proposition P
inclassical logic, either P or not-P holds.
A) Law of noncontradiction
B) Law of identity
C) Law of excluded middle
D) Law of analogy
Correct Answer: C) Law of excluded middle
Rationale: Classical bivalent logic allows no third truth value between P and not-P.
7. Which concept is best defined as: A statement capable of being true or false?
A) Question
B) Proposition
C) Emotion
D) Command
Correct Answer: B) Proposition
Rationale: Propositions assert claims and therefore can receive truth values.
8. Which concept is illustrated by this case? A professor asks which kind of sentence can receive
atruth value.
A) Question
B) Proposition
C) Command
D) Emotion
Correct Answer: B) Proposition
Rationale: Propositions assert claims and therefore can receive truth values.
9. Which concept is best defined as: A set of beliefs contains no contradiction?
A) Cogency
B) Validity
C) Consistency
PHIL 201 Quiz 2 | Logic, Fallacy & Argument | Liberty University | Original Practice Quiz Page 2
Philosophy and Contemporary Ideas
Logic, Fallacy & Argument
Liberty University
100-Question Original Practice Quiz | 2026/2027 Edition
Laws of Logic & Propositions
1. Which concept is best defined as: A thing is identical with itself?
A) Law of noncontradiction
B) Law of sufficient reason
C) Law of excluded middle
D) Law of identity
Correct Answer: D) Law of identity
Rationale: A is A expresses identity; it preserves stable reference in reasoning.
2. Which concept is illustrated by this case? A student says, "When I use the term justice in
thisargument, I will keep referring to the same concept unless I explicitly redefine it."
A) Law of excluded middle
B) Law of sufficient reason
C) Law of identity
D) Law of noncontradiction
Correct Answer: C) Law of identity
Rationale: A is A expresses identity; it preserves stable reference in reasoning.
3. Which concept is best defined as: A proposition cannot be both true and false in the same sense
atthe same time?
A) Law of identity
B) Law of excluded middle
C) Principle of charity
D) Law of noncontradiction
Correct Answer: D) Law of noncontradiction
Rationale: Contradiction is ruled out when the same claim is affirmed and denied in the same respect.
4. Which concept is illustrated by this case? A speaker rejects the claim that the same proposition
canbe both true and false at the same time in the same sense.
A) Principle of charity
B) Law of excluded middle
C) Law of noncontradiction
D) Law of identity
Correct Answer: C) Law of noncontradiction
PHIL 201 Quiz 2 | Logic, Fallacy & Argument | Liberty University | Original Practice Quiz Page 1
, Rationale: Contradiction is ruled out when the same claim is affirmed and denied in the same respect.
5. Which concept is best defined as: Either a proposition is true or its negation is true in
classicallogic?
A) Law of excluded middle
B) Law of analogy
C) Law of identity
D) Law of noncontradiction
Correct Answer: A) Law of excluded middle
Rationale: Classical bivalent logic allows no third truth value between P and not-P.
6. Which concept is illustrated by this case? A logician says that, for a definite proposition P
inclassical logic, either P or not-P holds.
A) Law of noncontradiction
B) Law of identity
C) Law of excluded middle
D) Law of analogy
Correct Answer: C) Law of excluded middle
Rationale: Classical bivalent logic allows no third truth value between P and not-P.
7. Which concept is best defined as: A statement capable of being true or false?
A) Question
B) Proposition
C) Emotion
D) Command
Correct Answer: B) Proposition
Rationale: Propositions assert claims and therefore can receive truth values.
8. Which concept is illustrated by this case? A professor asks which kind of sentence can receive
atruth value.
A) Question
B) Proposition
C) Command
D) Emotion
Correct Answer: B) Proposition
Rationale: Propositions assert claims and therefore can receive truth values.
9. Which concept is best defined as: A set of beliefs contains no contradiction?
A) Cogency
B) Validity
C) Consistency
PHIL 201 Quiz 2 | Logic, Fallacy & Argument | Liberty University | Original Practice Quiz Page 2
