BIO 152 Module 3 Exam Cardiovascular System Blood Heart
Vessels Lymphatic Immunity Actual Exam 2026/2027 –
Complete 30 Questions with Detailed Rationales | 100%
Verified | Pass Guaranteed – A+ Graded
SECTION A: Blood Composition, Hematopoiesis & Hemostasis (Q1–Q6)
Q1: Which of the following is the most abundant type of plasma protein and is primarily
responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure that holds water in the
bloodstream?
A. Fibrinogen
B. Gamma globulins
C. Albumin [CORRECT]
D. Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Albumin, produced by the liver, makes up roughly 60% of plasma proteins and
generates the osmotic pressure that retains fluid in the vessels. Fibrinogen functions in
clotting, gamma globulins are antibodies, and erythropoietin is a hormone regulating
RBC production, not a major plasma protein.
Q2: A patient who recently moved from sea level to a high-altitude city reports fatigue;
follow-up labs show a rising reticulocyte count and hematocrit. Which hormone,
released in response to tissue hypoxia, accounts for these findings?
A. Thrombopoietin from the liver
B. Erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys [CORRECT]
C. Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
D. Interleukin-2 from helper T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Renal hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin release, which acts on red bone
marrow to increase RBC production, raising reticulocytes and hematocrit.
Thrombopoietin regulates platelets, aldosterone regulates sodium and water, and
interleukin-2 is an immune cytokine.
Q3: Which leukocyte is the most abundant cell in a normal differential count and is
typically the first responder to a bacterial infection?
, A. Neutrophil [CORRECT]
B. Eosinophil
C. Basophil
D. Monocyte
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils constitute approximately 50–70% of circulating leukocytes and
are rapid phagocytes of bacteria. Eosinophils target parasites and allergens, basophils
release histamine, and monocytes differentiate into macrophages more slowly.
Q4: A patient sustains a small laceration on the forearm. Which sequence correctly
describes the three major mechanisms of hemostasis that stop the bleeding?
A. Coagulation cascade → vascular spasm → platelet plug formation
B. Platelet plug formation → coagulation cascade → vascular spasm
C. Fibrinolysis → vascular spasm → coagulation cascade
D. Vascular spasm → platelet plug formation → coagulation cascade [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hemostasis proceeds in order: immediate vascular spasm reduces blood
flow, platelets adhere and form a temporary plug within seconds, and the coagulation
cascade lays down fibrin to stabilize the clot. Fibrinolysis is clot dissolution that occurs
later during healing.
Q5: A patient with type A blood is accidentally transfused with type B blood. What is the
most likely consequence?
A. No reaction, because type A blood is a universal donor type
B. The recipient's anti-B antibodies agglutinate the donor's B antigens, causing
agglutination and hemolysis [CORRECT]
C. Only a mild fever, because donor antibodies are diluted in the recipient's plasma
D. A reaction will occur only if the donor and recipient are both Rh-negative
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Type A recipients carry anti-B antibodies, which bind the B antigens on the
transfused cells, causing agglutination and hemolysis of donor RBCs. Type O is the
universal donor, ABO mismatch reacts regardless of Rh status, and dilution of donor
antibodies does not prevent the recipient's attack.
Q6: A boy with hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) experiences recurrent bleeding into
joints (hemarthrosis) after minor trauma. Which part of hemostasis is impaired, and
why?
A. The extrinsic pathway, because factor VIII initiates clotting at the injured vessel wall
B. Platelet plug formation, because factor VIII is required for platelet adhesion to
collagen
Vessels Lymphatic Immunity Actual Exam 2026/2027 –
Complete 30 Questions with Detailed Rationales | 100%
Verified | Pass Guaranteed – A+ Graded
SECTION A: Blood Composition, Hematopoiesis & Hemostasis (Q1–Q6)
Q1: Which of the following is the most abundant type of plasma protein and is primarily
responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure that holds water in the
bloodstream?
A. Fibrinogen
B. Gamma globulins
C. Albumin [CORRECT]
D. Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Albumin, produced by the liver, makes up roughly 60% of plasma proteins and
generates the osmotic pressure that retains fluid in the vessels. Fibrinogen functions in
clotting, gamma globulins are antibodies, and erythropoietin is a hormone regulating
RBC production, not a major plasma protein.
Q2: A patient who recently moved from sea level to a high-altitude city reports fatigue;
follow-up labs show a rising reticulocyte count and hematocrit. Which hormone,
released in response to tissue hypoxia, accounts for these findings?
A. Thrombopoietin from the liver
B. Erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys [CORRECT]
C. Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
D. Interleukin-2 from helper T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Renal hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin release, which acts on red bone
marrow to increase RBC production, raising reticulocytes and hematocrit.
Thrombopoietin regulates platelets, aldosterone regulates sodium and water, and
interleukin-2 is an immune cytokine.
Q3: Which leukocyte is the most abundant cell in a normal differential count and is
typically the first responder to a bacterial infection?
, A. Neutrophil [CORRECT]
B. Eosinophil
C. Basophil
D. Monocyte
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils constitute approximately 50–70% of circulating leukocytes and
are rapid phagocytes of bacteria. Eosinophils target parasites and allergens, basophils
release histamine, and monocytes differentiate into macrophages more slowly.
Q4: A patient sustains a small laceration on the forearm. Which sequence correctly
describes the three major mechanisms of hemostasis that stop the bleeding?
A. Coagulation cascade → vascular spasm → platelet plug formation
B. Platelet plug formation → coagulation cascade → vascular spasm
C. Fibrinolysis → vascular spasm → coagulation cascade
D. Vascular spasm → platelet plug formation → coagulation cascade [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hemostasis proceeds in order: immediate vascular spasm reduces blood
flow, platelets adhere and form a temporary plug within seconds, and the coagulation
cascade lays down fibrin to stabilize the clot. Fibrinolysis is clot dissolution that occurs
later during healing.
Q5: A patient with type A blood is accidentally transfused with type B blood. What is the
most likely consequence?
A. No reaction, because type A blood is a universal donor type
B. The recipient's anti-B antibodies agglutinate the donor's B antigens, causing
agglutination and hemolysis [CORRECT]
C. Only a mild fever, because donor antibodies are diluted in the recipient's plasma
D. A reaction will occur only if the donor and recipient are both Rh-negative
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Type A recipients carry anti-B antibodies, which bind the B antigens on the
transfused cells, causing agglutination and hemolysis of donor RBCs. Type O is the
universal donor, ABO mismatch reacts regardless of Rh status, and dilution of donor
antibodies does not prevent the recipient's attack.
Q6: A boy with hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) experiences recurrent bleeding into
joints (hemarthrosis) after minor trauma. Which part of hemostasis is impaired, and
why?
A. The extrinsic pathway, because factor VIII initiates clotting at the injured vessel wall
B. Platelet plug formation, because factor VIII is required for platelet adhesion to
collagen
