NSG3280/ NSG 3280 Exam 2 – Pathophysiology for
Nurses I Guide Actual Exam 2026/2027 | Complete
Exam-Style Questions with Detailed Rationales | Pass
Guaranteed – A+ Graded
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Q1: A cell undergoes reversible injury due to hypoxia. Which cellular change is most
characteristic of this stage?
A. Karyolysis
B. Cellular swelling [CORRECT]
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Apoptotic body formation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because cellular swelling (hydropic change) from ATP depletion and Na+/K+
pump failure is the earliest and most reversible manifestation of hypoxic injury.
---
Q2: Which type of necrosis is characteristic of myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative [CORRECT]
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because ischemic injury in solid organs like the heart produces coagulative
necrosis, preserving tissue architecture temporarily.
---
Q3: Which type of necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous [CORRECT]
D. Fat
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive
necrosis typical of tuberculous infections.
,---
Q4: Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy [CORRECT]
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because hypertrophy is an increase in cell size that occurs in tissues
incapable of cell division, such as cardiac muscle.
---
Q5: Which cellular adaptation involves a change from one mature cell type to another?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct because metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
with another, often in response to chronic irritation.
---
Q6: Which type of cell death is programmed and does not cause inflammation?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis [CORRECT]
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because apoptosis is programmed cell death that does not trigger
inflammation, unlike necrosis.
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Q7: Which cellular adaptation is a precursor to cancer?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Dysplasia [CORRECT]
D. Metaplasia
, Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because dysplasia involves disordered cellular growth and is considered a
premalignant change.
---
Q8: Which type of necrosis occurs in the brain following ischemia?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive [CORRECT]
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis after ischemic injury
due to enzymatic digestion.
---
Q9: Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria [CORRECT]
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, the
primary energy source for cellular functions.
---
Q10: Which finding indicates irreversible cellular injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Membrane rupture [CORRECT]
C. Fatty change
D. Hydropic change
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because plasma membrane rupture indicates irreversible injury and
progression to cell death.
---
Q11: Which mediator is released first during acute inflammation?
A. Histamine [CORRECT]
Nurses I Guide Actual Exam 2026/2027 | Complete
Exam-Style Questions with Detailed Rationales | Pass
Guaranteed – A+ Graded
---
Q1: A cell undergoes reversible injury due to hypoxia. Which cellular change is most
characteristic of this stage?
A. Karyolysis
B. Cellular swelling [CORRECT]
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Apoptotic body formation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because cellular swelling (hydropic change) from ATP depletion and Na+/K+
pump failure is the earliest and most reversible manifestation of hypoxic injury.
---
Q2: Which type of necrosis is characteristic of myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative [CORRECT]
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because ischemic injury in solid organs like the heart produces coagulative
necrosis, preserving tissue architecture temporarily.
---
Q3: Which type of necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous [CORRECT]
D. Fat
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive
necrosis typical of tuberculous infections.
,---
Q4: Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy [CORRECT]
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because hypertrophy is an increase in cell size that occurs in tissues
incapable of cell division, such as cardiac muscle.
---
Q5: Which cellular adaptation involves a change from one mature cell type to another?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct because metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
with another, often in response to chronic irritation.
---
Q6: Which type of cell death is programmed and does not cause inflammation?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis [CORRECT]
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because apoptosis is programmed cell death that does not trigger
inflammation, unlike necrosis.
---
Q7: Which cellular adaptation is a precursor to cancer?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Dysplasia [CORRECT]
D. Metaplasia
, Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct because dysplasia involves disordered cellular growth and is considered a
premalignant change.
---
Q8: Which type of necrosis occurs in the brain following ischemia?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive [CORRECT]
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because brain tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis after ischemic injury
due to enzymatic digestion.
---
Q9: Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria [CORRECT]
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, the
primary energy source for cellular functions.
---
Q10: Which finding indicates irreversible cellular injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Membrane rupture [CORRECT]
C. Fatty change
D. Hydropic change
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct because plasma membrane rupture indicates irreversible injury and
progression to cell death.
---
Q11: Which mediator is released first during acute inflammation?
A. Histamine [CORRECT]
