BIOD 121 Final Exam Essentials of Nutrition Portage
Learning Actual Exam 2026/2027 – Complete Test Bank with
Detailed Rationales | 100% Verified | Pass Guaranteed – A+
Graded
SECTION A: NUTRITION FOUNDATIONS, DIETARY GUIDELINES & FOOD
LABELS (Q1–Q10)
Q1: Which of the following classes of nutrients is inorganic, meaning it does not contain
carbon?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Vitamins
D. Minerals [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Minerals (and water) are inorganic nutrients, while carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and vitamins all contain carbon and are classified as organic.
Q2: How many kilocalories are provided by one gram of lipid (fat)?
A. 4 kcal
B. 7 kcal
C. 9 kcal [CORRECT]
D. 12 kcal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lipids yield 9 kcal/g — the most energy-dense nutrient — while carbohydrate
and protein provide 4 kcal/g and alcohol provides 7 kcal/g.
Q3: A client is comparing two granola bars. Bar A contains 200 kcal, 5 g protein, and 3 g
fiber; Bar B contains 420 kcal, 5 g protein, and 3 g fiber. Which statement is correct?
A. Bar B is more nutrient dense because it contains more calories
B. Bar A is more nutrient dense — it provides the same nutrients for fewer calories
[CORRECT]
C. Nutrient density refers only to vitamin content, so the bars cannot be compared
D. Calorie content has no relationship to nutrient density
Correct Answer: B
,Rationale: Nutrient density compares nutrients delivered per calorie, so the bar with
equal nutrients at half the calories is more nutrient dense; higher calories do not
increase nutrient density.
Q4: The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is set to meet the nutrient needs of
approximately what percentage of healthy individuals in a specific life stage and sex
group?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 97–98% [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The RDA covers 97–98% of healthy individuals; 50% describes the EAR, and
the AI is used when an RDA cannot be established.
Q5: When there is insufficient scientific evidence to establish an RDA for a nutrient,
which DRI value is used instead?
A. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
B. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
C. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
D. Adequate Intake (AI) [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The AI is a recommended average intake based on observed estimates when
evidence is insufficient for an RDA; the UL is the maximum safe level, and the EAR feeds
into RDA calculation.
Q6: A client is building meals using MyPlate and already fills half the plate with fruits
and vegetables. Which additional recommendation completes the MyPlate guidance?
A. Make at least half of your grains whole grains [CORRECT]
B. Eliminate all dairy foods from the diet
C. Choose fried or processed proteins at most meals
D. Replace whole fruit with sweetened fruit juice daily
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: MyPlate recommends making half the plate fruits/vegetables and half the
grains whole, along with low-fat dairy and lean proteins; eliminating dairy, fried proteins,
and juice-based habits contradict the guidance.
Q7: A Nutrition Facts panel lists one serving as 1 cup with 250 kcal. Mark pours himself
2 cups of cereal. How many kilocalories did he consume?
A. 250 kcal
, B. 375 kcal
C. 500 kcal [CORRECT]
D. 125 kcal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Label values apply per serving, so 2 servings × 250 kcal = 500 kcal; ignoring
serving size is the most common label-reading error.
Q8: A product label claims it is an "excellent source of fiber." By regulation, this means
one serving provides at least what percentage of the Daily Value?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 15%
D. 20% [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: "High" or "excellent source" requires ≥20% of the DV per serving; 10–19%
qualifies as a "good source," and 5% or less is considered "low."
Q9: Which organ is the primary site of both digestion and absorption of nutrients?
A. Mouth
B. Stomach
C. Large intestine
D. Small intestine [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The small intestine, with its villi and microvilli, provides the enormous surface
area where most digestion and absorption occur; the mouth and stomach perform initial
mechanical/chemical breakdown only.
Q10: A student tracks a 2,200-kcal daily intake and calculates that 15% of calories come
from added sugars. How does this compare with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
A. It meets the guideline, which limits added sugars to 15% of calories
B. The added-sugar recommendation applies only to children
C. The amount is acceptable as long as the sugars come from fruit
D. It exceeds the recommendation of less than 10% of total calories from added sugars
[CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Dietary Guidelines limit added sugars to less than 10% of total calories;
15% of 2,200 kcal (about 82 g) exceeds the limit, and the guideline applies to all adults
regardless of sugar source.
Learning Actual Exam 2026/2027 – Complete Test Bank with
Detailed Rationales | 100% Verified | Pass Guaranteed – A+
Graded
SECTION A: NUTRITION FOUNDATIONS, DIETARY GUIDELINES & FOOD
LABELS (Q1–Q10)
Q1: Which of the following classes of nutrients is inorganic, meaning it does not contain
carbon?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Vitamins
D. Minerals [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Minerals (and water) are inorganic nutrients, while carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and vitamins all contain carbon and are classified as organic.
Q2: How many kilocalories are provided by one gram of lipid (fat)?
A. 4 kcal
B. 7 kcal
C. 9 kcal [CORRECT]
D. 12 kcal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Lipids yield 9 kcal/g — the most energy-dense nutrient — while carbohydrate
and protein provide 4 kcal/g and alcohol provides 7 kcal/g.
Q3: A client is comparing two granola bars. Bar A contains 200 kcal, 5 g protein, and 3 g
fiber; Bar B contains 420 kcal, 5 g protein, and 3 g fiber. Which statement is correct?
A. Bar B is more nutrient dense because it contains more calories
B. Bar A is more nutrient dense — it provides the same nutrients for fewer calories
[CORRECT]
C. Nutrient density refers only to vitamin content, so the bars cannot be compared
D. Calorie content has no relationship to nutrient density
Correct Answer: B
,Rationale: Nutrient density compares nutrients delivered per calorie, so the bar with
equal nutrients at half the calories is more nutrient dense; higher calories do not
increase nutrient density.
Q4: The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is set to meet the nutrient needs of
approximately what percentage of healthy individuals in a specific life stage and sex
group?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 97–98% [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The RDA covers 97–98% of healthy individuals; 50% describes the EAR, and
the AI is used when an RDA cannot be established.
Q5: When there is insufficient scientific evidence to establish an RDA for a nutrient,
which DRI value is used instead?
A. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
B. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
C. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
D. Adequate Intake (AI) [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The AI is a recommended average intake based on observed estimates when
evidence is insufficient for an RDA; the UL is the maximum safe level, and the EAR feeds
into RDA calculation.
Q6: A client is building meals using MyPlate and already fills half the plate with fruits
and vegetables. Which additional recommendation completes the MyPlate guidance?
A. Make at least half of your grains whole grains [CORRECT]
B. Eliminate all dairy foods from the diet
C. Choose fried or processed proteins at most meals
D. Replace whole fruit with sweetened fruit juice daily
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: MyPlate recommends making half the plate fruits/vegetables and half the
grains whole, along with low-fat dairy and lean proteins; eliminating dairy, fried proteins,
and juice-based habits contradict the guidance.
Q7: A Nutrition Facts panel lists one serving as 1 cup with 250 kcal. Mark pours himself
2 cups of cereal. How many kilocalories did he consume?
A. 250 kcal
, B. 375 kcal
C. 500 kcal [CORRECT]
D. 125 kcal
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Label values apply per serving, so 2 servings × 250 kcal = 500 kcal; ignoring
serving size is the most common label-reading error.
Q8: A product label claims it is an "excellent source of fiber." By regulation, this means
one serving provides at least what percentage of the Daily Value?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 15%
D. 20% [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: "High" or "excellent source" requires ≥20% of the DV per serving; 10–19%
qualifies as a "good source," and 5% or less is considered "low."
Q9: Which organ is the primary site of both digestion and absorption of nutrients?
A. Mouth
B. Stomach
C. Large intestine
D. Small intestine [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The small intestine, with its villi and microvilli, provides the enormous surface
area where most digestion and absorption occur; the mouth and stomach perform initial
mechanical/chemical breakdown only.
Q10: A student tracks a 2,200-kcal daily intake and calculates that 15% of calories come
from added sugars. How does this compare with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
A. It meets the guideline, which limits added sugars to 15% of calories
B. The added-sugar recommendation applies only to children
C. The amount is acceptable as long as the sugars come from fruit
D. It exceeds the recommendation of less than 10% of total calories from added sugars
[CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Dietary Guidelines limit added sugars to less than 10% of total calories;
15% of 2,200 kcal (about 82 g) exceeds the limit, and the guideline applies to all adults
regardless of sugar source.
