Ax x x x x x x x x x x
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
b3 b3 b3
MULTIPLE CHOICE b3
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
are workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing
b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3
more. Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the
b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3
typical man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 and relaxing less.ANS:
b3 b3 b 3 D PTS: b 3 b 3 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
that regulate blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3
high blood pressure in adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall
b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
information.
b3
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3
Chemistry" b 3
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. b 3 b 3 b3 b3
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 ... recall information.ANS:
b3 b3 b 3 C PTS: b 3 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3
virtuous to choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
situation and that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there
b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
are some men of practical wisdom who
b3 b3 b3 have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle
b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local,
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3
b3 and federal income
b3 taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3
b3 local merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3
b 3addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3
b3 employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
1
,a. Argument; conclusion: It
b 3 b 3 b 3 is not
b 3 b 3 correct b 3 to say ... communities
b3 b3 b 3 b 3 in which they live.
b 3 b3 b3
2
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3
more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3
women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
longer periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3
U.S." b 3
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 periods in prison.ANS: b3 b3 B PTS: b 3 b 3 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b 3There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals
b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
install software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
They also defraud online advertisers by using
b3 b3 b3 these zombie computers tofvisit pay-
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
per-click ads. b3
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 by a firewall.ANS: E PTS:
b 3 b3 b3 b 3 2
7. The earth is b 3 of interest to astronomy for b 3 many reasons. b 3 Nearly all b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3
observations
b 3 must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the
b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3
upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 through the atmosphere.ANS: Cb3 b3 PTS: b 3 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers,
b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3
and the makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not
b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
3
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
b3 b3 b3
MULTIPLE CHOICE b3
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
are workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing
b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3
more. Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the
b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3
typical man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 and relaxing less.ANS:
b3 b3 b 3 D PTS: b 3 b 3 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
that regulate blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3
high blood pressure in adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall
b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
information.
b3
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3
Chemistry" b 3
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. b 3 b 3 b3 b3
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 ... recall information.ANS:
b3 b3 b 3 C PTS: b 3 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3
virtuous to choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
situation and that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there
b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
are some men of practical wisdom who
b3 b3 b3 have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle
b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local,
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3
b3 and federal income
b3 taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3
b3 local merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3
b 3addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3
b3 employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3say that illegal immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
1
,a. Argument; conclusion: It
b 3 b 3 b 3 is not
b 3 b 3 correct b 3 to say ... communities
b3 b3 b 3 b 3 in which they live.
b 3 b3 b3
2
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3
more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3
women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
longer periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3
U.S." b 3
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 periods in prison.ANS: b3 b3 B PTS: b 3 b 3 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b 3There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals
b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
install software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
They also defraud online advertisers by using
b3 b3 b3 these zombie computers tofvisit pay-
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
per-click ads. b3
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 by a firewall.ANS: E PTS:
b 3 b3 b3 b 3 2
7. The earth is b 3 of interest to astronomy for b 3 many reasons. b 3 Nearly all b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3
observations
b 3 must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the
b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3
upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The
b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b3 b 3 b3
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b 3
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
b3 through the atmosphere.ANS: Cb3 b3 PTS: b 3 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers,
b3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3
and the makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not
b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b3
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
b 3 b3 b3 b3 b3 b 3 b3 b 3
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. b 3 b3 b 3 b3 b3 b3
3
