NR 283 | PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3
NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3
Study Guide: Questions, Correct Answers, and Review
This guide reviews hematologic disorders, gastrointestinal pathologies, renal and urinary conditions, endocrine
dysfunction, acid-base and fluid/electrolyte imbalances, and musculoskeletal and neurologic alterations.
Hematologic and Anemia Disorders (Questions 1–30)
1. Question: What is the primary pathophysiological characteristic of iron deficiency anemia?
Correct Answer: Microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells due to inadequate iron stores for hemoglobin
synthesis.
2. Question: Which laboratory value is most indicative of pernicious anemia?
Correct Answer: Decreased serum vitamin B12 and the presence of anti-intrinsic factor antibodies.
3. Question: What type of anemia is caused by the premature destruction of mature erythrocytes?
Correct Answer: Hemolytic anemia.
4. Question: In sickle cell anemia, what triggers the sickling of erythrocytes under low-oxygen conditions?
Correct Answer: Abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) polymerization.
5. Question: What is the primary compensatory mechanism for chronic tissue hypoxia in anemia?
Correct Answer: Increased heart rate and cardiac output, along with elevated respiratory rate.
6. Question: Which compensatory hormone stimulates bone marrow production of erythrocytes in response to
renal hypoxia?
Correct Answer: Erythropoietin.
7. Question: What laboratory finding distinguishes aplastic anemia from other anemias?
Correct Answer: Pancytopenia (reduction of red cells, white cells, and platelets) with a hypocellular bone
marrow.
8. Question: Which anemia is characterized by large, abnormally shaped red blood cells due to folate
deficiency?
Correct Answer: Megaloblastic (or macrocytic-normochromic) anemia.
9. Question: What causes the jaundice frequently observed in hemolytic anemias?
Correct Answer: Excessive unconjugated bilirubin released from the destruction of hemolyzed red blood
cells.
10. Question: Which type of polycythemia is a neoplastic condition characterized by overproduction of all
blood cell lines?
Correct Answer: Polycythemia vera.
11. Question: What primary factor drives the hyperviscosity of blood in polycythemia vera?
Correct Answer: Elevated hematocrit levels.
NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 3 Study Guide
, NR 283 | PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3
12. Question: What is the hallmark laboratory finding in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Correct Answer: Prolonged clotting times (PT and aPTT), decreased fibrinogen, and elevated D-dimer.
13. Question: Which clotting factor deficiency causes Hemophilia A?
Correct Answer: Factor VIII deficiency.
14. Question: Which inheritance pattern is associated with Hemophilia A?
Correct Answer: X-linked recessive.
15. Question: What is the primary mechanism of thrombocytopenia?
Correct Answer: Decreased platelet production, increased platelet consumption, or splenic sequestration.
16. Question: What term describes an abnormally low total white blood cell count?
Correct Answer: Leukopenia.
17. Question: Which leukocyte is primarily elevated during acute bacterial infections?
Correct Answer: Neutrophils.
18. Question: Which leukocyte is primarily elevated during parasitic infections and allergic reactions?
Correct Answer: Eosinophils.
19. Question: What is infectious mononucleosis typically caused by?
Correct Answer: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
20. Question: Which cells are infected and proliferate during infectious mononucleosis?
Correct Answer: B lymphocytes.
21. Question: What characterizes acute leukemia?
Correct Answer: Uncontrolled proliferation of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the bone marrow.
22. Question: Which leukemia is most common in young children?
Correct Answer: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
23. Question: Which chronic leukemia is marked by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?
Correct Answer: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
24. Question: What characteristic cell type defines Hodgkin lymphoma?
Correct Answer: Reed-Sternberg cells.
25. Question: How does non-Hodgkin lymphoma generally differ from Hodgkin lymphoma in presentation?
Correct Answer: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma involves scattered, multiple peripheral lymph nodes with
noncontiguous spread.
26. Question: What type of protein abnormality is characteristic of multiple myeloma?
Correct Answer: Monoclonal proteins (M proteins) and Bence Jones proteins in the urine.
NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 3 Study Guide
NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3
Study Guide: Questions, Correct Answers, and Review
This guide reviews hematologic disorders, gastrointestinal pathologies, renal and urinary conditions, endocrine
dysfunction, acid-base and fluid/electrolyte imbalances, and musculoskeletal and neurologic alterations.
Hematologic and Anemia Disorders (Questions 1–30)
1. Question: What is the primary pathophysiological characteristic of iron deficiency anemia?
Correct Answer: Microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells due to inadequate iron stores for hemoglobin
synthesis.
2. Question: Which laboratory value is most indicative of pernicious anemia?
Correct Answer: Decreased serum vitamin B12 and the presence of anti-intrinsic factor antibodies.
3. Question: What type of anemia is caused by the premature destruction of mature erythrocytes?
Correct Answer: Hemolytic anemia.
4. Question: In sickle cell anemia, what triggers the sickling of erythrocytes under low-oxygen conditions?
Correct Answer: Abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) polymerization.
5. Question: What is the primary compensatory mechanism for chronic tissue hypoxia in anemia?
Correct Answer: Increased heart rate and cardiac output, along with elevated respiratory rate.
6. Question: Which compensatory hormone stimulates bone marrow production of erythrocytes in response to
renal hypoxia?
Correct Answer: Erythropoietin.
7. Question: What laboratory finding distinguishes aplastic anemia from other anemias?
Correct Answer: Pancytopenia (reduction of red cells, white cells, and platelets) with a hypocellular bone
marrow.
8. Question: Which anemia is characterized by large, abnormally shaped red blood cells due to folate
deficiency?
Correct Answer: Megaloblastic (or macrocytic-normochromic) anemia.
9. Question: What causes the jaundice frequently observed in hemolytic anemias?
Correct Answer: Excessive unconjugated bilirubin released from the destruction of hemolyzed red blood
cells.
10. Question: Which type of polycythemia is a neoplastic condition characterized by overproduction of all
blood cell lines?
Correct Answer: Polycythemia vera.
11. Question: What primary factor drives the hyperviscosity of blood in polycythemia vera?
Correct Answer: Elevated hematocrit levels.
NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 3 Study Guide
, NR 283 | PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3
12. Question: What is the hallmark laboratory finding in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Correct Answer: Prolonged clotting times (PT and aPTT), decreased fibrinogen, and elevated D-dimer.
13. Question: Which clotting factor deficiency causes Hemophilia A?
Correct Answer: Factor VIII deficiency.
14. Question: Which inheritance pattern is associated with Hemophilia A?
Correct Answer: X-linked recessive.
15. Question: What is the primary mechanism of thrombocytopenia?
Correct Answer: Decreased platelet production, increased platelet consumption, or splenic sequestration.
16. Question: What term describes an abnormally low total white blood cell count?
Correct Answer: Leukopenia.
17. Question: Which leukocyte is primarily elevated during acute bacterial infections?
Correct Answer: Neutrophils.
18. Question: Which leukocyte is primarily elevated during parasitic infections and allergic reactions?
Correct Answer: Eosinophils.
19. Question: What is infectious mononucleosis typically caused by?
Correct Answer: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
20. Question: Which cells are infected and proliferate during infectious mononucleosis?
Correct Answer: B lymphocytes.
21. Question: What characterizes acute leukemia?
Correct Answer: Uncontrolled proliferation of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the bone marrow.
22. Question: Which leukemia is most common in young children?
Correct Answer: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
23. Question: Which chronic leukemia is marked by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?
Correct Answer: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
24. Question: What characteristic cell type defines Hodgkin lymphoma?
Correct Answer: Reed-Sternberg cells.
25. Question: How does non-Hodgkin lymphoma generally differ from Hodgkin lymphoma in presentation?
Correct Answer: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma involves scattered, multiple peripheral lymph nodes with
noncontiguous spread.
26. Question: What type of protein abnormality is characteristic of multiple myeloma?
Correct Answer: Monoclonal proteins (M proteins) and Bence Jones proteins in the urine.
NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 3 Study Guide
