Solution and Answer Guide: Marianne Neighbors, Ruth Tannehill-Jones, Elisa Ratliff, Pamela Vaughn, Human Diseases, 7e, 2027,
9798214116167; Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Diseases
Solution and Answer Guide
MARIANNE NEIGHBORS, RUTH TANNEHILL-JONES, ELISA RATLIFF, PAMELA VAUGHN,
HUMAN DISEASES, 7E, 2027, 9798214116167; C HAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DISEASES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Review Questions..........................................................................................................1
Short Answer.............................................................................................................................................1
Matching.................................................................................................................................................... 3
Fill in the Blank.........................................................................................................................................3
Case Studies...................................................................................................................3
Case Study 1..............................................................................................................................................3
Case Study 2..............................................................................................................................................4
REVIEW QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWER
1. Identify why it is important to study human diseases.
Answer:
The study of human diseases is important to understand a variety of other topics in the healthcare field.
2. Differentiate between the terms disease, disorder, and syndrome.
Answer:
Disease is a change in structure or function that is considered abnormal, disrupting homeostasis. Disorder is
a disruption or abnormality of function, often used for conditions like vitamin deficiencies or structural
abnormalities. Syndrome is a group of symptoms that may result from one disease or multiple interrelated
problems.
3. Describe the types of pathologists and their roles in the study of diseases.
Answer:
A pathologist is a physician who studies diseases. Some pathologists study diseased tissues to determine
the cause of the disease, while others examine surgical tissues to determine the presence of the disease.
Some pathologists may examine human tissues to determine the cause of death or to find evidence of a
criminal act.
© 2027 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Marianne Neighbors, Ruth Tannehill-Jones, Elisa Ratliff, Pamela Vaughn, Human Diseases, 7e, 2027,
9798214116167; Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Diseases
4. Differentiate between acute and chronic diseases.
Answer:
Acute Disease: Sudden onset, short-term, lasts days or weeks (e.g., upper respiratory infection, pneumonia,
fractures). Chronic Disease: Persists for long periods, often lifelong, may have remissions and exacerbations
(e.g., hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, asthma).
5. List the terms used to describe the etiology of diseases.
Answer:
Etiology: Study of the cause.
Idiopathic: Cause unknown.
Iatrogenic: Disease arises as a result of medical treatment.
Nosocomial (or HAI): Disease acquired in a hospital or health care facility.
6. List the five predisposing factors for diseases and one disease related to each factor.
Answer:
Age—teen girls are at a high risk for problem pregnancy.
Sex—women are at risk for breast cancer.
Environment—coal miners are at risk for lung disease.
Lifestyle—smokers are at risk for several diseases, especially lung cancer.
Heredity—individuals with a family history of coronary artery disease are at an increased risk for
developing it.
7. Differentiate between signs and symptoms.
Answer:
Signs: Objective, measurable, or observable indicators of disease (e.g., vomiting, fever, elevated blood
pressure). Symptoms: Subjective experiences reported by the patient (e.g., nausea, headache, stomach
pain). Sometimes a condition (like a runny nose) can be both a sign (observable) and a symptom
(experienced by the patient).
8. Describe common tests used to diagnose disease states.
Answer:
Complete blood count (CBC): Examines blood cells.
Urinalysis (UA): Detects abnormalities in urine.
Chest X-ray (CXR): Images chest cavity.
Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG): Records heart’s electrical activity.
Blood glucose: Measures sugar levels.
CT scan: Detailed X-ray of structures and organs.
Serum electrolytes: Measures sodium, potassium, chloride, and CO₂ levels
9. List examples of bioethical decisions that one may encounter.
Answer:
Use of surrogates for childbearing.
Controlling the sex of children through chromosome selection.
Use of fetal stem cells for organ/tissue growth.
Use of stimulants in children.
Legalization of abortion.
Use of mood-altering drugs for older adults.
Human cloning.
© 2027 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Marianne Neighbors, Ruth Tannehill-Jones, Elisa Ratliff, Pamela Vaughn, Human Diseases, 7e, 2027,
9798214116167; Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Diseases
Gene therapy (replacing mutated genes).
Xenotransplants (animal organs in humans).
Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.
MATCHING
10. Match the terms in the left column with the correct definition in the right column.
_____ Pathogenesis a. The cause of a disease
_____ Etiology b. Interventions to cure or control a disease
_____ Diagnosis c. The development of a disease
_____ Prognosis d. The identification or naming of a disease
_____ Treatment e. The predicted or expected outcome of a disease
Answer:
Pathogenesis—c. The development of a disease
Etiology—a. The cause of a disease
Diagnosis—d. The identification or naming of a disease
Prognosis—e. The predicted or expected outcome of a disease
Treatment—b. Interventions to cure or control a disease
FILL IN THE BLANK
11. A common test used in determining a disease diagnosis involves recording the electrical activity of the
heart; it is called a/an __________.
Answer:
EKG or ECG
CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY 1
Your client accidentally tripped by another player while running down the field at a soccer game that you were
coaching. They are able to walk the sideline with assistance but have obvious bleeding on their legs and one arm.
You grab the first-aid box and go to their side.
1. What do you do next?
Answer:
Have the client sit down. Put on gloves and use a sterile dressing from the first-aid kit to cover the wound.
2. What equipment might you use to give aid to this person?
Answer:
Apply pressure to the wound to stop the bleeding. Clean and dress the wound with sterile saline (or water)
and dressings from the kit. If the wound is minor (an abrasion or minor cut), the client may not need further
medical intervention. If bleeding persists or if the wound is deep, they should be referred to a healthcare
provider.
3. What standard precaution should apply to this case?
Answer:
© 2027 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Marianne Neighbors, Ruth Tannehill-Jones, Elisa Ratliff, Pamela Vaughn, Human Diseases, 7e, 2027,
9798214116167; Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Diseases
Standard precautions are always used when bleeding occurs. In this case, with mild bleeding, gloves are
worn while applying pressure and dressing the wound.
CASE STUDY 2
A client has had an upper respiratory infection for about a week and has missed
3 days of work. They decide to return to work at the local community center for older adults. Although their health
has improved since last week, they still have a runny nose and are coughing at intervals.
1. What precautions should they use to prevent spreading their illness?
Answer:
If the client is still coughing and has a runny nose, they should probably not return to work since they are
working with older adults who often have suppressed immune systems. If the client has an elevated
temperature, even a low-grade one, they should not be working. However, if the client does not have an
elevated temperature and does return to work, they should wear a mask and use the appropriate
handwashing, coughing, and nasal discharge precautions. The client should also use antibacterial hand gel
intermittently and properly dispose of used tissues.
© 2027 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 4
website, in whole or in part.
9798214116167; Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Diseases
Solution and Answer Guide
MARIANNE NEIGHBORS, RUTH TANNEHILL-JONES, ELISA RATLIFF, PAMELA VAUGHN,
HUMAN DISEASES, 7E, 2027, 9798214116167; C HAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN DISEASES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Review Questions..........................................................................................................1
Short Answer.............................................................................................................................................1
Matching.................................................................................................................................................... 3
Fill in the Blank.........................................................................................................................................3
Case Studies...................................................................................................................3
Case Study 1..............................................................................................................................................3
Case Study 2..............................................................................................................................................4
REVIEW QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWER
1. Identify why it is important to study human diseases.
Answer:
The study of human diseases is important to understand a variety of other topics in the healthcare field.
2. Differentiate between the terms disease, disorder, and syndrome.
Answer:
Disease is a change in structure or function that is considered abnormal, disrupting homeostasis. Disorder is
a disruption or abnormality of function, often used for conditions like vitamin deficiencies or structural
abnormalities. Syndrome is a group of symptoms that may result from one disease or multiple interrelated
problems.
3. Describe the types of pathologists and their roles in the study of diseases.
Answer:
A pathologist is a physician who studies diseases. Some pathologists study diseased tissues to determine
the cause of the disease, while others examine surgical tissues to determine the presence of the disease.
Some pathologists may examine human tissues to determine the cause of death or to find evidence of a
criminal act.
© 2027 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Marianne Neighbors, Ruth Tannehill-Jones, Elisa Ratliff, Pamela Vaughn, Human Diseases, 7e, 2027,
9798214116167; Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Diseases
4. Differentiate between acute and chronic diseases.
Answer:
Acute Disease: Sudden onset, short-term, lasts days or weeks (e.g., upper respiratory infection, pneumonia,
fractures). Chronic Disease: Persists for long periods, often lifelong, may have remissions and exacerbations
(e.g., hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, asthma).
5. List the terms used to describe the etiology of diseases.
Answer:
Etiology: Study of the cause.
Idiopathic: Cause unknown.
Iatrogenic: Disease arises as a result of medical treatment.
Nosocomial (or HAI): Disease acquired in a hospital or health care facility.
6. List the five predisposing factors for diseases and one disease related to each factor.
Answer:
Age—teen girls are at a high risk for problem pregnancy.
Sex—women are at risk for breast cancer.
Environment—coal miners are at risk for lung disease.
Lifestyle—smokers are at risk for several diseases, especially lung cancer.
Heredity—individuals with a family history of coronary artery disease are at an increased risk for
developing it.
7. Differentiate between signs and symptoms.
Answer:
Signs: Objective, measurable, or observable indicators of disease (e.g., vomiting, fever, elevated blood
pressure). Symptoms: Subjective experiences reported by the patient (e.g., nausea, headache, stomach
pain). Sometimes a condition (like a runny nose) can be both a sign (observable) and a symptom
(experienced by the patient).
8. Describe common tests used to diagnose disease states.
Answer:
Complete blood count (CBC): Examines blood cells.
Urinalysis (UA): Detects abnormalities in urine.
Chest X-ray (CXR): Images chest cavity.
Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG): Records heart’s electrical activity.
Blood glucose: Measures sugar levels.
CT scan: Detailed X-ray of structures and organs.
Serum electrolytes: Measures sodium, potassium, chloride, and CO₂ levels
9. List examples of bioethical decisions that one may encounter.
Answer:
Use of surrogates for childbearing.
Controlling the sex of children through chromosome selection.
Use of fetal stem cells for organ/tissue growth.
Use of stimulants in children.
Legalization of abortion.
Use of mood-altering drugs for older adults.
Human cloning.
© 2027 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Marianne Neighbors, Ruth Tannehill-Jones, Elisa Ratliff, Pamela Vaughn, Human Diseases, 7e, 2027,
9798214116167; Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Diseases
Gene therapy (replacing mutated genes).
Xenotransplants (animal organs in humans).
Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.
MATCHING
10. Match the terms in the left column with the correct definition in the right column.
_____ Pathogenesis a. The cause of a disease
_____ Etiology b. Interventions to cure or control a disease
_____ Diagnosis c. The development of a disease
_____ Prognosis d. The identification or naming of a disease
_____ Treatment e. The predicted or expected outcome of a disease
Answer:
Pathogenesis—c. The development of a disease
Etiology—a. The cause of a disease
Diagnosis—d. The identification or naming of a disease
Prognosis—e. The predicted or expected outcome of a disease
Treatment—b. Interventions to cure or control a disease
FILL IN THE BLANK
11. A common test used in determining a disease diagnosis involves recording the electrical activity of the
heart; it is called a/an __________.
Answer:
EKG or ECG
CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY 1
Your client accidentally tripped by another player while running down the field at a soccer game that you were
coaching. They are able to walk the sideline with assistance but have obvious bleeding on their legs and one arm.
You grab the first-aid box and go to their side.
1. What do you do next?
Answer:
Have the client sit down. Put on gloves and use a sterile dressing from the first-aid kit to cover the wound.
2. What equipment might you use to give aid to this person?
Answer:
Apply pressure to the wound to stop the bleeding. Clean and dress the wound with sterile saline (or water)
and dressings from the kit. If the wound is minor (an abrasion or minor cut), the client may not need further
medical intervention. If bleeding persists or if the wound is deep, they should be referred to a healthcare
provider.
3. What standard precaution should apply to this case?
Answer:
© 2027 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Marianne Neighbors, Ruth Tannehill-Jones, Elisa Ratliff, Pamela Vaughn, Human Diseases, 7e, 2027,
9798214116167; Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Diseases
Standard precautions are always used when bleeding occurs. In this case, with mild bleeding, gloves are
worn while applying pressure and dressing the wound.
CASE STUDY 2
A client has had an upper respiratory infection for about a week and has missed
3 days of work. They decide to return to work at the local community center for older adults. Although their health
has improved since last week, they still have a runny nose and are coughing at intervals.
1. What precautions should they use to prevent spreading their illness?
Answer:
If the client is still coughing and has a runny nose, they should probably not return to work since they are
working with older adults who often have suppressed immune systems. If the client has an elevated
temperature, even a low-grade one, they should not be working. However, if the client does not have an
elevated temperature and does return to work, they should wear a mask and use the appropriate
handwashing, coughing, and nasal discharge precautions. The client should also use antibacterial hand gel
intermittently and properly dispose of used tissues.
© 2027 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 4
website, in whole or in part.
