PHGY 216 Module 1 Part 2–Exam Review with
2026 Practice Questions & Detailed
RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED s All Graded A+
Insulins effects on carbohydrates: inhibit glycogenolysis in liver -
{✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Prevents catabolism of glycogen +
further promotes glucose storage
Insulins effects on carbohydrates: stimulate glycogenesis in skeletal muscles +
liver - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Promotes storage of
glucose as glycogen
Insulins effects on carbohydrates: inhibit gluconeogenesis in liver -
{✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Prevents formation of glucose +
a.as
Insulins effect on fats - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Lower
blood FFA + promote storage as triglycerides 4 ways
- Enhance entry of FFAs into adipose tissue cells
- Increase GLUT-4 recruitment in adipose cells increasing glucose uptake for
triglyceride synthesis
- Enhance enzymes involved in triglyceride synthesis activity - Inhibit lipolysis
,Insulins effect on proteins - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
Favour protein synthesis
- Promotes a.a uptake in all tissues
- Enhances activity of enzymes involved
- Inhibits protein degradation
Negative feedback of insulin - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
Blood glucose elevation stimulates insulin secretion from B cells
- Blood glucose lowers + secretion stops
- Insulin also regulated by feedforward system
- Islet of Langerhans innervated by ANS as presence of food in digestive system
activates PNS in feedforward manner + vv.
Glucagon - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Pancreatic hormone
involved in postabsorptive state
- Triggered directly by blood glucose levels
- Major site of action is the liver
Glucagons effects on carbohydrates - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED
✔✔}-- Increases hepatic glucose production by decreasing glycogen synth. +
enhancing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Glucagons effects on fats - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
Promotes lipolysis while inhibiting fat storage
- Enhances formation of ketone bodies in the liver
, Glucagons effects on proteins - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
Promotes protein catabolism only in liver
What does a rise in blood a.a conc. stimulate - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Release of both insulin + glucagon
- Balance out + maintain normal blood glucose level following high protein, low
carb meal
Two main periods of growth - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
First two years of life
- During puberty where lengthening of bones accelerates supported by growth
hormones and androgens
Why do men grow more in puberty than women? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED ✔✔}-- The primary androgen for female growth is DHEA
- The primary androgen for male growth is testosterone which is more potent
Metabolic actions of growth hormones - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED
✔✔}-- Increased rate of protein synthesis
- Increased fatty acid metabolism
- Decreased rate of glucose use by body tissues
- Overall effect: shifts body to use fate stores for metabolism while sparring
glucose (important for fasting as glucose is preserved for the brain)
2026 Practice Questions & Detailed
RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED s All Graded A+
Insulins effects on carbohydrates: inhibit glycogenolysis in liver -
{✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Prevents catabolism of glycogen +
further promotes glucose storage
Insulins effects on carbohydrates: stimulate glycogenesis in skeletal muscles +
liver - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Promotes storage of
glucose as glycogen
Insulins effects on carbohydrates: inhibit gluconeogenesis in liver -
{✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Prevents formation of glucose +
a.as
Insulins effect on fats - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Lower
blood FFA + promote storage as triglycerides 4 ways
- Enhance entry of FFAs into adipose tissue cells
- Increase GLUT-4 recruitment in adipose cells increasing glucose uptake for
triglyceride synthesis
- Enhance enzymes involved in triglyceride synthesis activity - Inhibit lipolysis
,Insulins effect on proteins - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
Favour protein synthesis
- Promotes a.a uptake in all tissues
- Enhances activity of enzymes involved
- Inhibits protein degradation
Negative feedback of insulin - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
Blood glucose elevation stimulates insulin secretion from B cells
- Blood glucose lowers + secretion stops
- Insulin also regulated by feedforward system
- Islet of Langerhans innervated by ANS as presence of food in digestive system
activates PNS in feedforward manner + vv.
Glucagon - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Pancreatic hormone
involved in postabsorptive state
- Triggered directly by blood glucose levels
- Major site of action is the liver
Glucagons effects on carbohydrates - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED
✔✔}-- Increases hepatic glucose production by decreasing glycogen synth. +
enhancing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Glucagons effects on fats - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
Promotes lipolysis while inhibiting fat storage
- Enhances formation of ketone bodies in the liver
, Glucagons effects on proteins - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
Promotes protein catabolism only in liver
What does a rise in blood a.a conc. stimulate - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED ✔✔}-- Release of both insulin + glucagon
- Balance out + maintain normal blood glucose level following high protein, low
carb meal
Two main periods of growth - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED ✔✔}--
First two years of life
- During puberty where lengthening of bones accelerates supported by growth
hormones and androgens
Why do men grow more in puberty than women? - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT
VERIFIED ✔✔}-- The primary androgen for female growth is DHEA
- The primary androgen for male growth is testosterone which is more potent
Metabolic actions of growth hormones - {✔✔RESOLUTION RESULT VERIFIED
✔✔}-- Increased rate of protein synthesis
- Increased fatty acid metabolism
- Decreased rate of glucose use by body tissues
- Overall effect: shifts body to use fate stores for metabolism while sparring
glucose (important for fasting as glucose is preserved for the brain)
