Lecture Notes No. 1
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Part 2
Medicinal Chemistry
, ORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
• deals with the physicochemical properties of drugs that affect its biological action
• the practice of medicinal chemistry is devoted to the discovery and development of new drugs
ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS
• Joseph Lister – introduced phenol (carbolic acid)
• Paul Ehrlich – Salvarsan (compound 606), Selective toxicity
• Atoxyl (sodium arsanilate and arsphenamine) – for sleeping sickness
• Germicides – anti-infective agents that are used locally
Antisepsis • Apply to living tissue
Decontamination • Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms
Disinfection • On inanimate objects
Sanitation • Reduction to a level acceptable for public health
Sterilization • Kills all types including spores
Pasteurization • Nonsporulating microorganisms (65:-100:C)
LOCAL ANTI-INFECTIVES OR GERMICIDES
ALCOHOLS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
o activity ↑ with MW until C8 (octanol), Branching ↓ antibacterial potency
o As primary alcohol chain ↑, Van der Waals interactions ↑, ability to penetrate microbial membranes ↑
o As water solubility ↓, potency ↓ with MW
1. Alcohol, USP (Spiritus vini rectificatus, wine spirit, Grain alcohol)
• Fermentation product from grain and many other carbs, or sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene
• Most widely abused of all recreational drugs
• Commercial: 95% ethanol (forms an azeotrope in water that distills at 78.2:C)
• Antidote: disulfiram blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase acetaldehyde (nausea, vomiting, flushing)
Denatured - Completely denatured alcohol contains added methanol (wood alcohol) and benzene
Rubbing (70%) - Astringent, rubefacient, refrigerant, mild local anesthetic
Dehydrated/Absolute - nlt 99% ethanol; obtained by azeotropic distillation
Isopropyl - Rapidly bactericidal (50% to 95%), 40% equal antiseptic power to a 60% ethanol
2. Ethylene Oxide
• Used to sterilize temp-sensitive medical equipment and those that could not be autoclaved
• Carboxide – 10% ethylene oxide + 90% CO2 (to prevent explosion)
• MOA : alkylation of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins
3. Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin)
• nlt 37% of formaldehyde + methanol (retard polymerization to formic acid and paraformaldehyde)
• MOA : direct, nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups
4. Glutarol/Glutaraldehyde (Cidex)
• components: glutaraldehyde and buffer
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Part 2
Medicinal Chemistry
, ORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
• deals with the physicochemical properties of drugs that affect its biological action
• the practice of medicinal chemistry is devoted to the discovery and development of new drugs
ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS
• Joseph Lister – introduced phenol (carbolic acid)
• Paul Ehrlich – Salvarsan (compound 606), Selective toxicity
• Atoxyl (sodium arsanilate and arsphenamine) – for sleeping sickness
• Germicides – anti-infective agents that are used locally
Antisepsis • Apply to living tissue
Decontamination • Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms
Disinfection • On inanimate objects
Sanitation • Reduction to a level acceptable for public health
Sterilization • Kills all types including spores
Pasteurization • Nonsporulating microorganisms (65:-100:C)
LOCAL ANTI-INFECTIVES OR GERMICIDES
ALCOHOLS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
o activity ↑ with MW until C8 (octanol), Branching ↓ antibacterial potency
o As primary alcohol chain ↑, Van der Waals interactions ↑, ability to penetrate microbial membranes ↑
o As water solubility ↓, potency ↓ with MW
1. Alcohol, USP (Spiritus vini rectificatus, wine spirit, Grain alcohol)
• Fermentation product from grain and many other carbs, or sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene
• Most widely abused of all recreational drugs
• Commercial: 95% ethanol (forms an azeotrope in water that distills at 78.2:C)
• Antidote: disulfiram blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase acetaldehyde (nausea, vomiting, flushing)
Denatured - Completely denatured alcohol contains added methanol (wood alcohol) and benzene
Rubbing (70%) - Astringent, rubefacient, refrigerant, mild local anesthetic
Dehydrated/Absolute - nlt 99% ethanol; obtained by azeotropic distillation
Isopropyl - Rapidly bactericidal (50% to 95%), 40% equal antiseptic power to a 60% ethanol
2. Ethylene Oxide
• Used to sterilize temp-sensitive medical equipment and those that could not be autoclaved
• Carboxide – 10% ethylene oxide + 90% CO2 (to prevent explosion)
• MOA : alkylation of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins
3. Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin)
• nlt 37% of formaldehyde + methanol (retard polymerization to formic acid and paraformaldehyde)
• MOA : direct, nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups
4. Glutarol/Glutaraldehyde (Cidex)
• components: glutaraldehyde and buffer
