Electrolytes, Vitamins, Fluids, and Minerals verified questions and solution A+ grade
Sodium (Na+) - -135-145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia - -Sodium serum less than 135 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hyponatremia - -Headache, lethargy, confusion, seizures,
nausea/vomiting, coma
Causes of Hyponatremia - -Excess water, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, burns, diuretics,
fever
Treatment of Hyponatremia - -Fluid restriction, 3% NaCl, oral sodium supplements, loop
diuretics
Hypernatremia - -Sodium serum more than 145 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hypernatremia - -Disorientation, hallucinations, agitation, restlessness,
neuromuscular irritability, confusion, seizures, lethargy, tachycardia, dry mucous membranes,
skin flushed, agitation, thirst
Causes of Hypernatremia - -Deficit of water, dehydration, diabetes insipidus, NPO, high
salt intake, Cushing's
Treatment of Hypernatremia - -0.45% NaCl or D5W, treatment of underlying causes
Chloride (Cl-) - -97-107 mEq/L
,Hypochloremia - -Chloride serum less than 97 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hypochloremia - -Irritability, hypotension, tetany, shallow respirations,
hyperexcitability of muscles and nerves
Causes of Hypochloremia - -Vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic, cystic fibrosis, increased fluid
intake
Treatment of Hypochloremia - -0.45% or 0.9% NaCl, correction of underlying causes
Hyperchloremia - -Chloride serum more than 107 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hyperchloremia - -Deep, rapid respirations, lethargy, tachypnea,
decreased cognitive ability, and hypertension
Causes of Hyperchloremia - -Dehydration, kidney malfunction, large volume of saline
Treatment of Hyperchloremia - -0.45% NaCl, correction of underlying cause
Potassium (K+) - -3.5-5.3 mEq/L
Hypokalemia - -Potassium serum less than 3.5 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hypokalemia - -Weakness, lethargy, generalized weakness,
hyporeflexia, ECD changes (ST depression), PVCs, nausea/vomiting, constipation, abdominal
cramping
, Causes of Hypokalemia - -Diuretics, fluid loss, insulin, low magnesium
Treatment of Hypokalemia - -Increased dietary intake or supplementation, slow-K, KCl
liquid, powder or tablets, IV replacements (KCL runs, KCL aliquots)
Peripheral IV: KCL 10 mEq in 100 mL NaCl or D5W over 1 hour. Central Line (PICC, triple-lumen
catheter, or portacath): KCl 10 or 20 mEq in 100 mL NaCl or D5W to infuse over 1 hour
Hyperkalemia - -Potassium serum more than 5.3 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hyperkalemia - -Generalized weakness, muscle cramps, paresthesia to
weakness, eCG changes (abnormal rhythms, widened QRS complex), bradycardia, sinus arrest,
heart blocks, ventricular dysrhythmias
Causes of Hyperkalemia - -Kidney malfunction, diet, high blood sugar
Treatment of Hyperkalemia - -Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate), 50% dextrose,
and IV regular insulin IVP bolus, sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq IVP, calcium gluconate, albuterol
nebulization for 1 hour, loop diuretics
Magnesium - -1.6-2.2 mg/dL
Hypomagnesemia - -Magnesium serum less than 1.6 mg/dL
Manifestations of Hypomagnesemia - -Muscle weakness and cramping, paresthesia,
tetany, twitching, tremors, hyperactive reflexes, tachycardia, nausea/vomiting, seizures,
anorexia, dysrhythmias such as tachycardia and PVCs, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, ventricular
fibrillation or tachycardia, emotional lability
Sodium (Na+) - -135-145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia - -Sodium serum less than 135 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hyponatremia - -Headache, lethargy, confusion, seizures,
nausea/vomiting, coma
Causes of Hyponatremia - -Excess water, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, burns, diuretics,
fever
Treatment of Hyponatremia - -Fluid restriction, 3% NaCl, oral sodium supplements, loop
diuretics
Hypernatremia - -Sodium serum more than 145 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hypernatremia - -Disorientation, hallucinations, agitation, restlessness,
neuromuscular irritability, confusion, seizures, lethargy, tachycardia, dry mucous membranes,
skin flushed, agitation, thirst
Causes of Hypernatremia - -Deficit of water, dehydration, diabetes insipidus, NPO, high
salt intake, Cushing's
Treatment of Hypernatremia - -0.45% NaCl or D5W, treatment of underlying causes
Chloride (Cl-) - -97-107 mEq/L
,Hypochloremia - -Chloride serum less than 97 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hypochloremia - -Irritability, hypotension, tetany, shallow respirations,
hyperexcitability of muscles and nerves
Causes of Hypochloremia - -Vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic, cystic fibrosis, increased fluid
intake
Treatment of Hypochloremia - -0.45% or 0.9% NaCl, correction of underlying causes
Hyperchloremia - -Chloride serum more than 107 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hyperchloremia - -Deep, rapid respirations, lethargy, tachypnea,
decreased cognitive ability, and hypertension
Causes of Hyperchloremia - -Dehydration, kidney malfunction, large volume of saline
Treatment of Hyperchloremia - -0.45% NaCl, correction of underlying cause
Potassium (K+) - -3.5-5.3 mEq/L
Hypokalemia - -Potassium serum less than 3.5 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hypokalemia - -Weakness, lethargy, generalized weakness,
hyporeflexia, ECD changes (ST depression), PVCs, nausea/vomiting, constipation, abdominal
cramping
, Causes of Hypokalemia - -Diuretics, fluid loss, insulin, low magnesium
Treatment of Hypokalemia - -Increased dietary intake or supplementation, slow-K, KCl
liquid, powder or tablets, IV replacements (KCL runs, KCL aliquots)
Peripheral IV: KCL 10 mEq in 100 mL NaCl or D5W over 1 hour. Central Line (PICC, triple-lumen
catheter, or portacath): KCl 10 or 20 mEq in 100 mL NaCl or D5W to infuse over 1 hour
Hyperkalemia - -Potassium serum more than 5.3 mEq/L
Manifestations of Hyperkalemia - -Generalized weakness, muscle cramps, paresthesia to
weakness, eCG changes (abnormal rhythms, widened QRS complex), bradycardia, sinus arrest,
heart blocks, ventricular dysrhythmias
Causes of Hyperkalemia - -Kidney malfunction, diet, high blood sugar
Treatment of Hyperkalemia - -Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate), 50% dextrose,
and IV regular insulin IVP bolus, sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq IVP, calcium gluconate, albuterol
nebulization for 1 hour, loop diuretics
Magnesium - -1.6-2.2 mg/dL
Hypomagnesemia - -Magnesium serum less than 1.6 mg/dL
Manifestations of Hypomagnesemia - -Muscle weakness and cramping, paresthesia,
tetany, twitching, tremors, hyperactive reflexes, tachycardia, nausea/vomiting, seizures,
anorexia, dysrhythmias such as tachycardia and PVCs, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, ventricular
fibrillation or tachycardia, emotional lability
