CITP Exam 2 | UPDATED REVIEW 2026 | ACCURATE
ANSWERS | STEP-BY-STEP SOLUTIONS
• Risk -✓✓ANSWER: probability that an adversary will compromise your critical
info and the impact if successful
• Vulnerability -✓✓ANSWER: a weakness that can be exploited by an adversary to
obtain your critical information.
• Adversary -✓✓ANSWER: Anyone who contends with, opposes, or acts against
your interest.
• Threat -✓✓ANSWER: capability of an adversary to do harm.
• Indicator -✓✓ANSWER: observable or detectable activities or information that
can be pieced together to reveal sensitive information. Clues about how
adversaries can exploit their advantages through analysis.
• OPSEC -✓✓ANSWER: created in 1988 by the NSDD 298;
the systematic, proven process to identify, control and protect generally sensitive
but unclassified information about a mission, operation, etc.; thus denying an
adversary's ability to compromise or interrupt that mission.
• informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who assists law enforcement efforts by
providing information concerning criminal or unlawful activity that otherwise may
not be provided, usually in return for monetary compensation or some other form
or consideration.
,• Anonymous informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who refuses to identify himself or
uses a fictitious name; his true identity is not known.
• Non-confidential informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who does not request that
his identity be held in strict confidence.
• Confidential informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who requests that his identity be
held in strict confidence.
• Unwitting informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who does not know that he is
providing information to law enforcement.
• Crime or criminal associate informant -✓✓ANSWER: most valuable; a violator or
associate with a criminal and is usually in an ideal position to have substantive
information about violations of law.
• Professional informant -✓✓ANSWER: Usually on a law enforcement payroll; he
is motivated by money; problem is he is more likely to manufacture evidence and
will shop information.
• Informants withing regulated industry -✓✓ANSWER: has access to information
that could be the predication for a criminal investigation (ex: pharmacist, nurse)
• Private citizen informant -✓✓ANSWER: can be good informant; Everyone is a
potential informant; but be cautious with the emotionally disturbed and ill.
, • Other types of informants: -✓✓ANSWER: criminal defendants; probationers;
parolees; witness security program; BOP; juveniles; foreign nations/aliens;
military personnel; clergy, attorneys, physicians; press
• Common motives of informants: -✓✓ANSWER: fear; revenge; mercenary;
egotistical/vanity; reform or repentance;
• other motives of informants: -✓✓ANSWER: competition; civic mindedness;
jealousy; friendship; perverse
• treat ____________________ as a potential informant -✓✓ANSWER: every
person
• Potential problems with informants: -✓✓ANSWER: difficult to control (may
ignore instructions and commit unauthorized crimes); may embarrass the
government by making unfounded accusations or by action; questionable
credibility in court
• Do no disclose an informants ___________________. -✓✓ANSWER: identity
(unless forced to)
• Times you must disclose an informant's identity: -✓✓ANSWER: If info cannot be
corroborated; if they provided more than investigative lead (such as participated
or helped plan crime); if defense convinces court informant is a material
witness/essential to determination of the cause.
ANSWERS | STEP-BY-STEP SOLUTIONS
• Risk -✓✓ANSWER: probability that an adversary will compromise your critical
info and the impact if successful
• Vulnerability -✓✓ANSWER: a weakness that can be exploited by an adversary to
obtain your critical information.
• Adversary -✓✓ANSWER: Anyone who contends with, opposes, or acts against
your interest.
• Threat -✓✓ANSWER: capability of an adversary to do harm.
• Indicator -✓✓ANSWER: observable or detectable activities or information that
can be pieced together to reveal sensitive information. Clues about how
adversaries can exploit their advantages through analysis.
• OPSEC -✓✓ANSWER: created in 1988 by the NSDD 298;
the systematic, proven process to identify, control and protect generally sensitive
but unclassified information about a mission, operation, etc.; thus denying an
adversary's ability to compromise or interrupt that mission.
• informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who assists law enforcement efforts by
providing information concerning criminal or unlawful activity that otherwise may
not be provided, usually in return for monetary compensation or some other form
or consideration.
,• Anonymous informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who refuses to identify himself or
uses a fictitious name; his true identity is not known.
• Non-confidential informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who does not request that
his identity be held in strict confidence.
• Confidential informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who requests that his identity be
held in strict confidence.
• Unwitting informant -✓✓ANSWER: a person who does not know that he is
providing information to law enforcement.
• Crime or criminal associate informant -✓✓ANSWER: most valuable; a violator or
associate with a criminal and is usually in an ideal position to have substantive
information about violations of law.
• Professional informant -✓✓ANSWER: Usually on a law enforcement payroll; he
is motivated by money; problem is he is more likely to manufacture evidence and
will shop information.
• Informants withing regulated industry -✓✓ANSWER: has access to information
that could be the predication for a criminal investigation (ex: pharmacist, nurse)
• Private citizen informant -✓✓ANSWER: can be good informant; Everyone is a
potential informant; but be cautious with the emotionally disturbed and ill.
, • Other types of informants: -✓✓ANSWER: criminal defendants; probationers;
parolees; witness security program; BOP; juveniles; foreign nations/aliens;
military personnel; clergy, attorneys, physicians; press
• Common motives of informants: -✓✓ANSWER: fear; revenge; mercenary;
egotistical/vanity; reform or repentance;
• other motives of informants: -✓✓ANSWER: competition; civic mindedness;
jealousy; friendship; perverse
• treat ____________________ as a potential informant -✓✓ANSWER: every
person
• Potential problems with informants: -✓✓ANSWER: difficult to control (may
ignore instructions and commit unauthorized crimes); may embarrass the
government by making unfounded accusations or by action; questionable
credibility in court
• Do no disclose an informants ___________________. -✓✓ANSWER: identity
(unless forced to)
• Times you must disclose an informant's identity: -✓✓ANSWER: If info cannot be
corroborated; if they provided more than investigative lead (such as participated
or helped plan crime); if defense convinces court informant is a material
witness/essential to determination of the cause.
