NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology MidTerm LATEST
ACTUAL EXAM WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS
Question 1.
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
ANSWER
Type 1: Allergic reaction, Mediated by IgE, Inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
Local symptoms:
-itching
-rash
Systemic symptoms:
-wheezing
Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction
systemic response of hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction
Main treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Question 2.
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
ANSWER
Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (ex: thyroid tissue)
Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
Can cause tissue damage or alter function
Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) - example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy
thyroid tissue
Incompatible blood type- example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion
reaction occurs and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or
complement-mediated lysis.
,Question 3.
Type 1 Hypersensitivity VS. Type 2 Hypersensitivity
ANSWER
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Not Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into the blood
or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues
Question 4.
Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - Examples
ANSWER
Rheumatoid arthritis: Antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- very closely related to autoimmunity- antigen/antibodies
deposit in organs that cause tissue damage
Question 5.
Hypersensitivity: Type 4
ANSWER
i. Delayed response
ii. Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes like Types 1, 2 and 3
iii. Is T-cell mediated
Question 6.
Differentiating Between the Rash of a Type 1 vs. Type 4 Reaction:
ANSWER
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions
Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of
contact with the allergen
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex would be poison ivy
, Question 7.
Treatment of Type 4 Rash
ANSWER
A non-severe case of contact dermatitis would be treated with topical corticosteroid.
Why not epinephrine or antihistamines?
-Epinephrine is for emergent Type 1 anaphylactic reactions. Antihistamines act on the H1
receptors. Type 4 does not involve mast cells and H1 receptors.
Antibiotics not appropriate since not an infection
Question 8.
Autoimmunity
ANSWER
Autoimmune disease can be familial, Affected family members may not all develop the same
disease, but several members may have different disorders characterized by a variety of
hypersensitivity reactions, These include autoimmune and allergic reactions
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
Question 9.
Alloimmunity
ANSWER
General term used to describe when an individual's immune system reacts against antigens on
the tissues of other members of the same species.
Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against
antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction
Question 10.
Primary Immunodeficiency
ANSWER
i. Most primary immune deficiencies are result of single gene defects
ii. Something is lacking with the immune system itself.
iii. Example: B-lymphocyte deficiency - one of the most severe forms of a primary
immunodeficiency
ACTUAL EXAM WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS
Question 1.
Hypersensitivity: Type 1
ANSWER
Type 1: Allergic reaction, Mediated by IgE, Inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
Local symptoms:
-itching
-rash
Systemic symptoms:
-wheezing
Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction
systemic response of hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction
Main treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Question 2.
Hypersensitivity: Type 2
ANSWER
Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific (ex: thyroid tissue)
Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
Can cause tissue damage or alter function
Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) - example of altering thyroid function, but does not destroy
thyroid tissue
Incompatible blood type- example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe transfusion
reaction occurs and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or
complement-mediated lysis.
,Question 3.
Type 1 Hypersensitivity VS. Type 2 Hypersensitivity
ANSWER
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Not Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was released into the blood
or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues
Question 4.
Hypersensitivity: Type 3 - Examples
ANSWER
Rheumatoid arthritis: Antigen/antibodies are deposited in the joints
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- very closely related to autoimmunity- antigen/antibodies
deposit in organs that cause tissue damage
Question 5.
Hypersensitivity: Type 4
ANSWER
i. Delayed response
ii. Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes like Types 1, 2 and 3
iii. Is T-cell mediated
Question 6.
Differentiating Between the Rash of a Type 1 vs. Type 4 Reaction:
ANSWER
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions
Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of
contact with the allergen
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex would be poison ivy
, Question 7.
Treatment of Type 4 Rash
ANSWER
A non-severe case of contact dermatitis would be treated with topical corticosteroid.
Why not epinephrine or antihistamines?
-Epinephrine is for emergent Type 1 anaphylactic reactions. Antihistamines act on the H1
receptors. Type 4 does not involve mast cells and H1 receptors.
Antibiotics not appropriate since not an infection
Question 8.
Autoimmunity
ANSWER
Autoimmune disease can be familial, Affected family members may not all develop the same
disease, but several members may have different disorders characterized by a variety of
hypersensitivity reactions, These include autoimmune and allergic reactions
Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes
Question 9.
Alloimmunity
ANSWER
General term used to describe when an individual's immune system reacts against antigens on
the tissues of other members of the same species.
Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against
antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction
Question 10.
Primary Immunodeficiency
ANSWER
i. Most primary immune deficiencies are result of single gene defects
ii. Something is lacking with the immune system itself.
iii. Example: B-lymphocyte deficiency - one of the most severe forms of a primary
immunodeficiency
