Sue E Huether Kathryn L McCance for Understanding Pathophysiology 6th Ed complete questions answers Exam with correct Answers
Understanding Pathophysiology 6th Edition Complete Questions and Answers Set | Correct Answers Included Adaptive Alterations - answer - reversible, structural, or functional response both to normal or physiologic conditions. (helpful, not leading to disease, physiological) Harmful alterations - answer - pathological Cellular Adaptation - answer - escape and protection from injury, not all cell changes bad, often good Atrophy - answer - decrease, shrinkage in cell size usually involves heart, skeletal muscles, primary or secondary sex organs (ovaries or uterus), and brain Physiologic atrophy - answer - thymus gland in children Pathologic atrophy - answer - occurs as a result of a decrease in workload, pressure use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system simulation Disuse atrophy - answer - skeletal muscle caused by immobilized in bed for prolonged time Atrophy with aging - answer - brain cells become atrophic and endocrine dependent organs, i.e. gonads shrink as hormonal stimulation decreases (chronic kidney disease also associated with atrophy) Hypertrophy (cellular adaptation) - answer - increase size (may be adaptive), skeletal and cardiac muscles (work-related), Examples of hypertrophy - answer - cell growth of remaining kidney after removal of diseased kidney, or increase growth of uterus and mammary glands in pregnancy Mechanical stimuli - answer - stretch of heart or skeletal muscle or smooth muscle of uterus Trophic signals - answer - growth factors, hormones (may be adaptive i.e. physiological or pathological) Pathological hypertrophy - answer - hypertrophy of heart muscle due to increased workload (valve dysfunction or uncontrolled hypertension) Agromegaly - answer - hypertrophy of heart muscle due to excess growth hormone Hyperplasia - answer - increase number of cells relative to increased rate of cellular division (not size of cells) What does hyperplasia allow - answer - Compensatory allows organs to regenerate (i.e. 70% of liver), adaptive mechanism Hormal hyperplasia - answer - i.e. estrogen and progesterone cause uterine lining to grown in preparation for possible pg Pathologic hyperplasia - answer - abnormal cell proliferation of normal cells usually in response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells Neoplasm - answer - can be benign or malignant growth of tissue (i.e. polyps in colon) Pathologic hyperplasia common in - answer - endometrium, and prostate, if hormone imbalance correction hyperplasia regresses metaplasia - answer - reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell type Metaplasia in respiratory tract - answer - replacement of normal columnar ciliated cells in the bronchi with stratified squamous cells (major cause smoking) Stratified squamous do not secrete mucous or have cilia. Reversible if stimulus removed i.e. smoking. Strong association with progression to esophageal cancer Dysplasia - answer - atypical hyperplasia, abnormal changes in size, shape, number and organization of the cells Where might one see Dysplasia - answer - pap smear, colonoscopy What happens during cellular injury - answer - cell unable to maintain homeostasis Reversible injury - answer - cell recovery Irreversible injury - answer - cell death Injurious stimuli - answer - chemical agents, decreased oxygen (hypoxia), free radicals which can be from excessive O2 infectious agents, physical damage, immunologic reactions, nutrition imbalances, mutant genes (look at person holistically) What is the point of no return for the cell - answer - Once changes to the nucleus occur and cell membranes are disrupted, the cell moves to irreversible injury and death What is the most common cause of cellular injury - answer - hypoxic injury Hypoxic injuries result from - answer - decrease amount O2 in air, loss of hemoglobin or efficacy of hemoglobin (max response avb), decrease productio
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