1|Page
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
1|Certified Q&A 2026
You palpate a gangrenous leg and note the presence of crepitus. Crepitus is
associated with which of the following?
a. wet gangrene
b. dry gangrene
c. gas gangrene
d. all of the above - correct-answer-C
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - correct-answer-D
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Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
d. all of the above. - correct-answer-D
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - correct-answer-D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - correct-answer-C
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Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - correct-answer-D
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of small
arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production
from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-
potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously ischemic cells. -
correct-answer-B
, 4|Page
Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced exogenously
during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and are
removed by endogenous antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of the cell
d. none of the above - correct-answer-B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - correct-answer-D
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
1|Certified Q&A 2026
You palpate a gangrenous leg and note the presence of crepitus. Crepitus is
associated with which of the following?
a. wet gangrene
b. dry gangrene
c. gas gangrene
d. all of the above - correct-answer-C
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - correct-answer-D
,2|Page
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
d. all of the above. - correct-answer-D
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - correct-answer-D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - correct-answer-C
,3|Page
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - correct-answer-D
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of small
arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production
from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-
potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously ischemic cells. -
correct-answer-B
, 4|Page
Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced exogenously
during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and are
removed by endogenous antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of the cell
d. none of the above - correct-answer-B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - correct-answer-D
