HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
EXAM 2 (CHAPTERS 4-6)
by the middle of first year - Correct Answers -when does an infants' appearance
transform into round, plump babies?
9 months; help infant maintain constant body temp; in the second year - Correct
Answers -When does baby fat peak? why? when do toddlers start to slim down?
cephalocaudal and proximodistal - Correct Answers -what are the two trends for
changes in body proportions in infants?
cephalocaudal trend - Correct Answers -"Head to tail"
Head develops more rapidly than lower part of the body.
proximodistal trend - Correct Answers -"near to far" growth proceeds from the center of
the body outward
Neurons - Correct Answers -nerve cells that store and transmit information
Synapses - Correct Answers -tiny gaps between neurons where fibers from different
neurons come close together but do not touch
Neurotransmitters - Correct Answers -Chemicals released by neurons that send
messages across the synapse
the microscopic level of individual brain cells and the large level of the cerebral cortex
(the most complex brain structure that is responsible for the highly developed
intelligence of our species) - Correct Answers -we can best understand brain growth by
looking at it from two vantage points:
lateralization of the cerebral cortex - Correct Answers -this structure consists of the left
hemisphere which is for sequential, analytic processing, VERBAL COMMUNICATION,
positive emotion; the right hemisphere is for holistic, integrative processing, making
sense of SPATIAL INFORMATION, regulating negative emotion; can affect learning
styles
cerebral cortex plasticity - Correct Answers -during first few years it is high; many areas
not yet committed to specific functions, high capacity for learning, early experiences
influence its organization; if a part of this structure is damaged other areas can take
over and adapt to the injury; this concept depends on age at injury, site and severity,
, and support for recovery (therapy, medical care) and these factors allow us to predict
how the infant will recover; hemispheres begin to specialize at birth
heredity, nutrition (breastfeeding vs. bottle-feeding; risks of overfeeding), malnutrition -
Correct Answers -what are influences on early physical growth?
Heredity - Correct Answers -has large influence on rate of physical growth when diet
and health are adequate; also affects height and weight; associated with catch-up
growth
catch-up growth - Correct Answers -return to genetically influenced growth path once
negative conditions corrected; possible with short periods of malnutrition
Breastfeeding - Correct Answers -US Department of Health advises doing this for first 6
months and continue with the baby's diet of new foods; benefits include: ensures
nutritional completeness, provides correct fat-protein balance, helps ensure healthy
physical growth, protects against disease, protects against faulty jaw and tooth
development, ensures digestibility, smooths transition to solid foods, helps prevent
overweight children; mothers in developing world are often unaware of benefits and use
low-grade commercial formula and ingredients
Bottlefeeding - Correct Answers -babies tend to get overfed with this
Nutrition - Correct Answers -this is crucial for development in first two years
malnutrition - Correct Answers -affects 2.1 million children annually; stunts growth of
one-third of all children under 5; linked to the dietary diseases MARASMUS and
KWASHIORKOR; damages brain and organs long-term, affects learning and behavior,
and disrupts development; FOOD INSECURITY afflicts 19% of US children, NOT
ENOUGH FUNDS TO ROUTINELY GET ENOUGH FOOD, affecting physical growth
and learning
Marasmus - Correct Answers -during first year, due to inadequate feeding
Kwashiorkor - Correct Answers -after weaning, due to low-protein diet
gross motor development - Correct Answers -includes crawling, standing, walking
(walks alone at 11 months, 3 weeks)
fine motor development - Correct Answers -includes reaching and grasping
prereaching - Correct Answers -milestones of reaching and grasping for newborn
ulnar grasp - Correct Answers -milestones of reaching and grasping for 3-4 months
EXAM 2 (CHAPTERS 4-6)
by the middle of first year - Correct Answers -when does an infants' appearance
transform into round, plump babies?
9 months; help infant maintain constant body temp; in the second year - Correct
Answers -When does baby fat peak? why? when do toddlers start to slim down?
cephalocaudal and proximodistal - Correct Answers -what are the two trends for
changes in body proportions in infants?
cephalocaudal trend - Correct Answers -"Head to tail"
Head develops more rapidly than lower part of the body.
proximodistal trend - Correct Answers -"near to far" growth proceeds from the center of
the body outward
Neurons - Correct Answers -nerve cells that store and transmit information
Synapses - Correct Answers -tiny gaps between neurons where fibers from different
neurons come close together but do not touch
Neurotransmitters - Correct Answers -Chemicals released by neurons that send
messages across the synapse
the microscopic level of individual brain cells and the large level of the cerebral cortex
(the most complex brain structure that is responsible for the highly developed
intelligence of our species) - Correct Answers -we can best understand brain growth by
looking at it from two vantage points:
lateralization of the cerebral cortex - Correct Answers -this structure consists of the left
hemisphere which is for sequential, analytic processing, VERBAL COMMUNICATION,
positive emotion; the right hemisphere is for holistic, integrative processing, making
sense of SPATIAL INFORMATION, regulating negative emotion; can affect learning
styles
cerebral cortex plasticity - Correct Answers -during first few years it is high; many areas
not yet committed to specific functions, high capacity for learning, early experiences
influence its organization; if a part of this structure is damaged other areas can take
over and adapt to the injury; this concept depends on age at injury, site and severity,
, and support for recovery (therapy, medical care) and these factors allow us to predict
how the infant will recover; hemispheres begin to specialize at birth
heredity, nutrition (breastfeeding vs. bottle-feeding; risks of overfeeding), malnutrition -
Correct Answers -what are influences on early physical growth?
Heredity - Correct Answers -has large influence on rate of physical growth when diet
and health are adequate; also affects height and weight; associated with catch-up
growth
catch-up growth - Correct Answers -return to genetically influenced growth path once
negative conditions corrected; possible with short periods of malnutrition
Breastfeeding - Correct Answers -US Department of Health advises doing this for first 6
months and continue with the baby's diet of new foods; benefits include: ensures
nutritional completeness, provides correct fat-protein balance, helps ensure healthy
physical growth, protects against disease, protects against faulty jaw and tooth
development, ensures digestibility, smooths transition to solid foods, helps prevent
overweight children; mothers in developing world are often unaware of benefits and use
low-grade commercial formula and ingredients
Bottlefeeding - Correct Answers -babies tend to get overfed with this
Nutrition - Correct Answers -this is crucial for development in first two years
malnutrition - Correct Answers -affects 2.1 million children annually; stunts growth of
one-third of all children under 5; linked to the dietary diseases MARASMUS and
KWASHIORKOR; damages brain and organs long-term, affects learning and behavior,
and disrupts development; FOOD INSECURITY afflicts 19% of US children, NOT
ENOUGH FUNDS TO ROUTINELY GET ENOUGH FOOD, affecting physical growth
and learning
Marasmus - Correct Answers -during first year, due to inadequate feeding
Kwashiorkor - Correct Answers -after weaning, due to low-protein diet
gross motor development - Correct Answers -includes crawling, standing, walking
(walks alone at 11 months, 3 weeks)
fine motor development - Correct Answers -includes reaching and grasping
prereaching - Correct Answers -milestones of reaching and grasping for newborn
ulnar grasp - Correct Answers -milestones of reaching and grasping for 3-4 months
