EXAM 3 NURS 5315 UTA CARDIAC AND
PULMONARY FULLY SOLVED EXAM PAPER
GRADED A+
◉ Action potential altered by hypokalemia.
Answer: (serum outside of cell is low)
-Hyperpolarized (cell becomes more negative, ex: -100)
-Affects the resting membrane potential of cells
-The cell is less likely to depolarize and transmit impulses
Can cause a decrease in neuromuscular excitability and leads to
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesias, and cardiac
dysrhythmias
◉ Action potential altered by hyperkalemia.
Answer: Hypopolarized
-Also has an effect on the resting membrane potential
-If the ECF potassium increases without any change in the ICF
potassium levels, the resting membrane potential of the cell
becomes more positive.
-The cells are more excitable and conduct impulses more easily and
more quickly because the resting membrane potential is closer to
the threshold potential. Therefore, the person will have peak T
waves on EKG.
,-As potassium rises, the resting membrane potential will continue to
become more positive and it will eventually become equal to the
threshold potential. As this happens the EKG will show a widening
QRS complex. If the resting membrane potential equals the
threshold potential, an action potential will not be generated and
cardiac standstill will occur. Paralysis and paresthesias may also
occur.
◉ Action potential altered by hypocalcemia.
Answer: -Causes an increase in the cell permeability to Na causing a
progressive depolarization
-Causes the RMP and the TP to be closer to one another & making it
easier to initiate an action potential - the cells are more excitable.
-Results in tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesias, seizures,
dysrhythmias
◉ Action potential altered by hypercalcemia.
Answer: -Causes a decrease in cell permeability to Na
-Causes the RMP and the TP to increase in distance - the cells are
less excitable and requires more of a stimulus to initiate an action
potential.
-Leads to weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, a shortened QT segment and depressed widened T
waves on EKG.
,◉ Atrophy.
Answer: decrease or shrinkage in the size of the cell
-Imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, , reduction
of the intracellular contents, also includes a self-eating process
called autophagy.
-Example: aging brain cells, malnutrition, uterus decreasing in size
after childbirth
◉ Hypertrophy.
Answer: increase in the size of cells, which ultimately increases the
size of the organ
-Etiology: triggers include repetitive stretching, chronic pressure,
volume overload
-Pathophysiology: hormonal stimulation or increased functional
demand, which increases the cellular protein in the plasma
membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, myofilaments, and mitochondria
◉ Hyperplasia.
Answer: -increase in number of cells, not the size of the cell, which
results from an increased rate of cell division, it can only happen in
cells that are capable of mitosis *
-Etiology: results from the production of growth factors which
stimulate cells to produce new cellular contents and divide
, ◉ Dysplasia.
Answer: -abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
-Disordered cell growth and is mainly found in epithelial tissue of
the uterine cervix, the endometrium, GI and respiratory tract
mucosa,
-Ex: pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix, uterine
cells
◉ Referred to as atypical hyperplasia.
Answer: dysplasia - abnormal changes in size, shape, and
organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or
irritation
◉ Metaplasia.
Answer: -reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by
another adult cell
-Etiology: found in tissue damage, repair, and regeneration
-Results from the exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation. If the influences that cause the cellular changes remain
present, they can induce a malignant change in the cells
-Ex: most common is the change from columnar cells to squamous
cells - this occurs in chronic smokers or gastroesophageal reflux
(GERD)
PULMONARY FULLY SOLVED EXAM PAPER
GRADED A+
◉ Action potential altered by hypokalemia.
Answer: (serum outside of cell is low)
-Hyperpolarized (cell becomes more negative, ex: -100)
-Affects the resting membrane potential of cells
-The cell is less likely to depolarize and transmit impulses
Can cause a decrease in neuromuscular excitability and leads to
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesias, and cardiac
dysrhythmias
◉ Action potential altered by hyperkalemia.
Answer: Hypopolarized
-Also has an effect on the resting membrane potential
-If the ECF potassium increases without any change in the ICF
potassium levels, the resting membrane potential of the cell
becomes more positive.
-The cells are more excitable and conduct impulses more easily and
more quickly because the resting membrane potential is closer to
the threshold potential. Therefore, the person will have peak T
waves on EKG.
,-As potassium rises, the resting membrane potential will continue to
become more positive and it will eventually become equal to the
threshold potential. As this happens the EKG will show a widening
QRS complex. If the resting membrane potential equals the
threshold potential, an action potential will not be generated and
cardiac standstill will occur. Paralysis and paresthesias may also
occur.
◉ Action potential altered by hypocalcemia.
Answer: -Causes an increase in the cell permeability to Na causing a
progressive depolarization
-Causes the RMP and the TP to be closer to one another & making it
easier to initiate an action potential - the cells are more excitable.
-Results in tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesias, seizures,
dysrhythmias
◉ Action potential altered by hypercalcemia.
Answer: -Causes a decrease in cell permeability to Na
-Causes the RMP and the TP to increase in distance - the cells are
less excitable and requires more of a stimulus to initiate an action
potential.
-Leads to weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, a shortened QT segment and depressed widened T
waves on EKG.
,◉ Atrophy.
Answer: decrease or shrinkage in the size of the cell
-Imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, , reduction
of the intracellular contents, also includes a self-eating process
called autophagy.
-Example: aging brain cells, malnutrition, uterus decreasing in size
after childbirth
◉ Hypertrophy.
Answer: increase in the size of cells, which ultimately increases the
size of the organ
-Etiology: triggers include repetitive stretching, chronic pressure,
volume overload
-Pathophysiology: hormonal stimulation or increased functional
demand, which increases the cellular protein in the plasma
membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, myofilaments, and mitochondria
◉ Hyperplasia.
Answer: -increase in number of cells, not the size of the cell, which
results from an increased rate of cell division, it can only happen in
cells that are capable of mitosis *
-Etiology: results from the production of growth factors which
stimulate cells to produce new cellular contents and divide
, ◉ Dysplasia.
Answer: -abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
-Disordered cell growth and is mainly found in epithelial tissue of
the uterine cervix, the endometrium, GI and respiratory tract
mucosa,
-Ex: pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix, uterine
cells
◉ Referred to as atypical hyperplasia.
Answer: dysplasia - abnormal changes in size, shape, and
organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or
irritation
◉ Metaplasia.
Answer: -reversible change in which one adult cell is replaced by
another adult cell
-Etiology: found in tissue damage, repair, and regeneration
-Results from the exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation. If the influences that cause the cellular changes remain
present, they can induce a malignant change in the cells
-Ex: most common is the change from columnar cells to squamous
cells - this occurs in chronic smokers or gastroesophageal reflux
(GERD)
