NSG 3113 South College -NSG 3113 - Pathophysiology
Exam 1 Questions | 2026/2027 | Correct Answers | With
Complete Solutions
extracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell
Intravascular extracellular fluid
plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (blood)
Interstitial extracellular fluid
Between the cells and outside the blood vessels, lymph nodes
transcellular extracellular fluid
cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial
Electrolytes, hormones, & enzymes are carried throughout the
body by?
ECF
Movement of fluid through capillary walls depends on
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure of fluid exerted on walls of blood vessels (pushes fluid)
Osmotic pressure
exerted by protein in plasma (pulls fluid) d
Direction of fluid movement depends on
,differences of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
Osmolaity
Measures solids in fluid. Usually measures sodium
Osmoreceptors
Located in hypothalamus and stimulated by increased plasma
concentration
Initiate thirst mechanism and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
release
ADH (vasopressin)
retains water; stimulates kidney nephron to reabsorption more
water
Aldosterone
Increase sodium reabsorption, and potassium excretion -> retain
fluid
Natriureisis
Excretion of large amounts of sodium and water
atrial natruiretic peptide (ANP)
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) step 1
Renin released from kidneys
-converts anigotensionogen (from liver) to angiotensin 1
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) step 2
,Angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II
-in lugs by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) step 3
Angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor)
-activates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) step 4
Aldosterone
-increases sodium and water reabsorption and potassium
secretion by the kidneys
Edema
Excess of fluid in the ECF compartments
-this excess fluid causes swelling or enlargement of the tissues
Prolonged edema can interfere with
Venous return
Arterial circulation
Cell function in the affected area
Primary causes of edema
- Elevated hydrostatic pressure (Increased ECF volume as
occurs in heart failure)
- Decreased osmotic forces in blood (Hypoalbuminemia, liver
failure, protein malnutrition)
third spacing
, Fluid shifts out of the blood and into a body cavity (interstitial)
where it is no loner available for circulation
Third spacing causes
Severe inflammation
Severe infection
Burns
Fluid Volume Overload
- Bloodstream has excessive amount of water
- One of most common causes is heart failure (through
activation of RAAS due to low perfusion of kidney)
- Edema develops due to high hydrostatic forces
Dehydration
State of diminished water volume in the body (hypovolemia)
-fluid moves from ICF causing cells to shrink (cellular
dehydration)
Response to dehydration
osmoreceptors stimulate thirst, ADH release
vasoconstriction and increased HR
RAAS activated
Exam 1 Questions | 2026/2027 | Correct Answers | With
Complete Solutions
extracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell
Intravascular extracellular fluid
plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (blood)
Interstitial extracellular fluid
Between the cells and outside the blood vessels, lymph nodes
transcellular extracellular fluid
cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial
Electrolytes, hormones, & enzymes are carried throughout the
body by?
ECF
Movement of fluid through capillary walls depends on
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure of fluid exerted on walls of blood vessels (pushes fluid)
Osmotic pressure
exerted by protein in plasma (pulls fluid) d
Direction of fluid movement depends on
,differences of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
Osmolaity
Measures solids in fluid. Usually measures sodium
Osmoreceptors
Located in hypothalamus and stimulated by increased plasma
concentration
Initiate thirst mechanism and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
release
ADH (vasopressin)
retains water; stimulates kidney nephron to reabsorption more
water
Aldosterone
Increase sodium reabsorption, and potassium excretion -> retain
fluid
Natriureisis
Excretion of large amounts of sodium and water
atrial natruiretic peptide (ANP)
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) step 1
Renin released from kidneys
-converts anigotensionogen (from liver) to angiotensin 1
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) step 2
,Angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II
-in lugs by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) step 3
Angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor)
-activates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) step 4
Aldosterone
-increases sodium and water reabsorption and potassium
secretion by the kidneys
Edema
Excess of fluid in the ECF compartments
-this excess fluid causes swelling or enlargement of the tissues
Prolonged edema can interfere with
Venous return
Arterial circulation
Cell function in the affected area
Primary causes of edema
- Elevated hydrostatic pressure (Increased ECF volume as
occurs in heart failure)
- Decreased osmotic forces in blood (Hypoalbuminemia, liver
failure, protein malnutrition)
third spacing
, Fluid shifts out of the blood and into a body cavity (interstitial)
where it is no loner available for circulation
Third spacing causes
Severe inflammation
Severe infection
Burns
Fluid Volume Overload
- Bloodstream has excessive amount of water
- One of most common causes is heart failure (through
activation of RAAS due to low perfusion of kidney)
- Edema develops due to high hydrostatic forces
Dehydration
State of diminished water volume in the body (hypovolemia)
-fluid moves from ICF causing cells to shrink (cellular
dehydration)
Response to dehydration
osmoreceptors stimulate thirst, ADH release
vasoconstriction and increased HR
RAAS activated
