BIOL 2402 Lone Star College - Biology 2402 - Lecture Exam
#2 Questions | 2026/2027 | Answers Correct | With Complete
Solutions
HIV
Viral disease which destroys Helper T cell populations.
Attacks the white blood cells that control cell growth and
transport nutrients to cells and produce antibodies that protect
body against infection
MHC Markers
Major Histocompatibility Complex Markers. Allow B & T cells
to recognise self and non-self.
MHC I Markers
Present on most cells
Bind endogenous antigens synthesized in a cell
Present antigen to cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes
Presence of foreign or over-abundant antigens targets cell for
destruction
MHC II Markers
Present only on antigen-presenting cells
Binds exogenous antigens
Present antigen to helper T cell lymphocytes
Presence of foreign antigens induces antibody production, and
attracts immune cells to area of infection
Immunological memory
,Secondary immune response,
The capacity of the immune system to make quicker and
stronger adaptive immune responses to successive encounters
with an antigen. Immunological memory is specific for a
particular antigen and is long-lived.
Complement System
A group of blood proteins that bind non-specifically to the
surface proteins of foreign cells (such as bacteria), ultimately
leading to the destruction of the foreign cell - part of the innate
immunity.
A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the
inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis or directly lyse
extracellular pathogens
Lyse
To destroy a cell
Phagocytosis
A process in which foreign material or cells are taken into a
white blood cell and destroyed. Ingestion of large particles via
specific receptors - like bacteria & old/damaged cell - "cell
eating"
Pathogens
viruses, bacteria, parasites & fungi
Lymphatic System
,Lymph, Lymphatic vessel netowrks, lymphoid tissues, tonsils,
the spleen, the thymus & lymphocytes plus smaller numbers of
phagocytes
Function of Lymphatic System
10% Capillary filtrate
Absorbs fat from digestive tracts
Forms important component of defense system.
Lymph
Fluid similar to plasma without most of the suspended proteins
Lymphatic Organs
Reticular fibers act as filters
Lymphatic capillaries
Small, open-ended lymph vessels that act like drain pipes which
picks up lymph at tissues throughout the body
Thoracic Duct
Collects lymph from inferior to the diaphragm and from the left
side of the body superior to the diaphram and dumps into left
subclavian vein
Right Lymphatic Duct
Collects lymph from right side of body superior to diaphragm
and dumps into right subclavain vein
Non-specific immune system barriers
How: protects against foreign substances without having to
recognize the identity. first line of defense, works rapidly,
, Constant defenses against any antigens
What: Inflammation, vaso-dilation, histamine, phagocytosis
Examples: skin and sweat barriers, mucus, white blood cells,
fever
Boyles Gas Law
pressure and volume are inversely related if temp is constant
higher volume --> lower pressure
lower volume --> higher pressure
Respiration (Role)
Gas Exchange
Regulation of blood pH
Voice Production
Olfaction
Protection of surfaces from dehydration & invading organisms
Volume Changes
Thoracic
Pleural
Lung
Negative Pressure
Normal breathing; air is drawn into the lungs from the outside
by the expansion of the chest wall and contraction of the
diaphragm to increase volume inside the thoracic cavity
Increase volume, Decrease Pressure
Positive Pressure
#2 Questions | 2026/2027 | Answers Correct | With Complete
Solutions
HIV
Viral disease which destroys Helper T cell populations.
Attacks the white blood cells that control cell growth and
transport nutrients to cells and produce antibodies that protect
body against infection
MHC Markers
Major Histocompatibility Complex Markers. Allow B & T cells
to recognise self and non-self.
MHC I Markers
Present on most cells
Bind endogenous antigens synthesized in a cell
Present antigen to cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes
Presence of foreign or over-abundant antigens targets cell for
destruction
MHC II Markers
Present only on antigen-presenting cells
Binds exogenous antigens
Present antigen to helper T cell lymphocytes
Presence of foreign antigens induces antibody production, and
attracts immune cells to area of infection
Immunological memory
,Secondary immune response,
The capacity of the immune system to make quicker and
stronger adaptive immune responses to successive encounters
with an antigen. Immunological memory is specific for a
particular antigen and is long-lived.
Complement System
A group of blood proteins that bind non-specifically to the
surface proteins of foreign cells (such as bacteria), ultimately
leading to the destruction of the foreign cell - part of the innate
immunity.
A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the
inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis or directly lyse
extracellular pathogens
Lyse
To destroy a cell
Phagocytosis
A process in which foreign material or cells are taken into a
white blood cell and destroyed. Ingestion of large particles via
specific receptors - like bacteria & old/damaged cell - "cell
eating"
Pathogens
viruses, bacteria, parasites & fungi
Lymphatic System
,Lymph, Lymphatic vessel netowrks, lymphoid tissues, tonsils,
the spleen, the thymus & lymphocytes plus smaller numbers of
phagocytes
Function of Lymphatic System
10% Capillary filtrate
Absorbs fat from digestive tracts
Forms important component of defense system.
Lymph
Fluid similar to plasma without most of the suspended proteins
Lymphatic Organs
Reticular fibers act as filters
Lymphatic capillaries
Small, open-ended lymph vessels that act like drain pipes which
picks up lymph at tissues throughout the body
Thoracic Duct
Collects lymph from inferior to the diaphragm and from the left
side of the body superior to the diaphram and dumps into left
subclavian vein
Right Lymphatic Duct
Collects lymph from right side of body superior to diaphragm
and dumps into right subclavain vein
Non-specific immune system barriers
How: protects against foreign substances without having to
recognize the identity. first line of defense, works rapidly,
, Constant defenses against any antigens
What: Inflammation, vaso-dilation, histamine, phagocytosis
Examples: skin and sweat barriers, mucus, white blood cells,
fever
Boyles Gas Law
pressure and volume are inversely related if temp is constant
higher volume --> lower pressure
lower volume --> higher pressure
Respiration (Role)
Gas Exchange
Regulation of blood pH
Voice Production
Olfaction
Protection of surfaces from dehydration & invading organisms
Volume Changes
Thoracic
Pleural
Lung
Negative Pressure
Normal breathing; air is drawn into the lungs from the outside
by the expansion of the chest wall and contraction of the
diaphragm to increase volume inside the thoracic cavity
Increase volume, Decrease Pressure
Positive Pressure
