CANC 380 | UPDATED Questions with 100% Verified Answers
Q1: DALY
A: disability adjusted life year
DALY = YLD + YLL
Q2: DALY
A: disability adjusted life year
DALY = YLD + YLL
Q3: Cancer has impacted research using...
A: 1. vaccines
2. immunotherapy
3. screening
Q4: Requirements for natural selection
A: 1. variation in population
2. heritable variation
3. variation influences survival or reproduction
Q5: Natural selection cellular level
A: rapid
reproduce faster
random genetic mutations
favourable traits
decreased fitness
Q6: Clones vs subclones
A: clones: derived from the same parent cell
share ancestry and genetics
subclones: progeny of a mutant cell from a
clone
Q7: HER2
A: evolutionary advantage
encodes receptor for EGFR2, breast division
Q8: divergent evolution
A: single species accumulate enough phenotypic
differences to diversify
,Q9: convergent evolution
A: two unrelated species that do not share a
common ancestry develop analogous structures
due to environmental pressures
Q10: parallel evolution
A: two unrelated species share common ancestor
evolve on a similar path to produce phenotypes
Q11: which cells are antigen presenting?
A: 1. dendritic cells
2. macrophages
3. B lymphocytes
Q12: MHC I MHC II differences
A: MHCI: all nucleated cells, display cytosolic
proteins
MHCII: only found on APCs, displays ingested
proteins
Q13: Tumour antigen products
A: 1. mutated proteins
2. protein levels
3. glycolipids
4. oncogenic products
Q14: mutated products
A: mutations in genes that favour uncontrolled
growth
displayed by MHC pathways
abnormal protein structure causes antigenicity
RAS and proteins
Q15: protein levels
A: tolerance to low concentration of growth
related cell proteins expressed by non
cancerous cells
abnormal expression causes antigenicity
HER2
, Q16: glycolipids
A: over express normal glycated products to aid
cell invasion
overexpression of structures cause
antigenicity
gastric cancers
Q17: oncogenic products
A: presented to MHC, immunogenic
viral products cause antigenicity
E6 E7 are displayed in cervical cells infected
by the HPV
Q18: innate immune response
A: NKC do not require activation
macrophages recognize tumour antigens and
eliminate pathogens
cytokines amplify and activate
TNF stimulates coagulation
Q19: adaptive immune response
A: present tumour antigens to helper T cells and
CTLs
helper T cells produce cytokines that promote
CTL development
antibodies can be developed against tumour
antigens
Q20: Roles of immune system in cancer development
A: 1. immune surveillance
2. tumour destruction
3. tumour promotion
4. immune editing
Q21: TNM system
A: T: tumour; size and location
N: node; spread of tumour to lymph nodes
M: metastasis; spread to other parts of the body
Q1: DALY
A: disability adjusted life year
DALY = YLD + YLL
Q2: DALY
A: disability adjusted life year
DALY = YLD + YLL
Q3: Cancer has impacted research using...
A: 1. vaccines
2. immunotherapy
3. screening
Q4: Requirements for natural selection
A: 1. variation in population
2. heritable variation
3. variation influences survival or reproduction
Q5: Natural selection cellular level
A: rapid
reproduce faster
random genetic mutations
favourable traits
decreased fitness
Q6: Clones vs subclones
A: clones: derived from the same parent cell
share ancestry and genetics
subclones: progeny of a mutant cell from a
clone
Q7: HER2
A: evolutionary advantage
encodes receptor for EGFR2, breast division
Q8: divergent evolution
A: single species accumulate enough phenotypic
differences to diversify
,Q9: convergent evolution
A: two unrelated species that do not share a
common ancestry develop analogous structures
due to environmental pressures
Q10: parallel evolution
A: two unrelated species share common ancestor
evolve on a similar path to produce phenotypes
Q11: which cells are antigen presenting?
A: 1. dendritic cells
2. macrophages
3. B lymphocytes
Q12: MHC I MHC II differences
A: MHCI: all nucleated cells, display cytosolic
proteins
MHCII: only found on APCs, displays ingested
proteins
Q13: Tumour antigen products
A: 1. mutated proteins
2. protein levels
3. glycolipids
4. oncogenic products
Q14: mutated products
A: mutations in genes that favour uncontrolled
growth
displayed by MHC pathways
abnormal protein structure causes antigenicity
RAS and proteins
Q15: protein levels
A: tolerance to low concentration of growth
related cell proteins expressed by non
cancerous cells
abnormal expression causes antigenicity
HER2
, Q16: glycolipids
A: over express normal glycated products to aid
cell invasion
overexpression of structures cause
antigenicity
gastric cancers
Q17: oncogenic products
A: presented to MHC, immunogenic
viral products cause antigenicity
E6 E7 are displayed in cervical cells infected
by the HPV
Q18: innate immune response
A: NKC do not require activation
macrophages recognize tumour antigens and
eliminate pathogens
cytokines amplify and activate
TNF stimulates coagulation
Q19: adaptive immune response
A: present tumour antigens to helper T cells and
CTLs
helper T cells produce cytokines that promote
CTL development
antibodies can be developed against tumour
antigens
Q20: Roles of immune system in cancer development
A: 1. immune surveillance
2. tumour destruction
3. tumour promotion
4. immune editing
Q21: TNM system
A: T: tumour; size and location
N: node; spread of tumour to lymph nodes
M: metastasis; spread to other parts of the body
