PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 6TH EDITION BANASIK EXAM
2026 LATEST UPDATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
ROS can cause injury via - ANS-oxidative damage to proteins, oxidative damage to DNA, and
increased lipid peroxidation
Some ROS are always being produced secondary to - ANS-mitochondrial oxidative
phosphorylation
Glutathione (GSH) - ANS-an important antioxidant and free radical scavenger; most frequently,
it converts hydrogen peroxide to 2 molecules of water.
ROS produced in large amounts - ANS-normal pathways for their detoxification may be
overwhelmed which can lead to cellular damage and or death
Under normal healthy conditions, how are ROS produced by the mitochondria neutralized -
ANS-enzymes and peptides that convert ROS to non-toxic molecules
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) - ANS-enzyme that catalyzes conversion of superoxide free radical
to hydrogen peroxide
Glutathione Peroxidase - ANS-catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water
Injury to Cellular Membranes, with Loss of Cellular Membrane Integrity - ANS-Cell contents leak
when cell injury damages membranes - the basis of many lab tests
, Abnormal organelle function - ANS-linked to cell death
Apoptosis - ANS-tightly regulated cell process (programmed cell death). In healthy adult
tissues, cell death balances cell division. Otherwise, the tissue would grow or shrink.
Certain organelles that are more likely to initiate apoptosis - ANS-Rough ER and Mitochondria
Where does protein synthesis occur? - ANS-nucleus/ribosomes
Mitochondria functions - ANS-ATP production and calcium storage
When damage causes the outer mitochondrial membrane to leak proteins such as - ANS-
cytochrome C enter the cytoplasm and signal for apoptosic pathway of cell death
Apoptosis does not initiate?? - ANS-inflammation
Major cell death pathways - ANS-apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy
Cell death is necessary for - ANS-growth and development, as well as maintenance; cellular
turnover is normal
Apoptosis is necessary for destroying damaged or infected cells - ANS-Immune system needs to
be able to destroy antibodies that react against the self
Apoptosis protects against development of cancer - ANS-Failure of apoptotic pathways can
lead to cancer; and once cancer is established, tumor cells can develop ability to avoid
apoptosis.
2026 LATEST UPDATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
ROS can cause injury via - ANS-oxidative damage to proteins, oxidative damage to DNA, and
increased lipid peroxidation
Some ROS are always being produced secondary to - ANS-mitochondrial oxidative
phosphorylation
Glutathione (GSH) - ANS-an important antioxidant and free radical scavenger; most frequently,
it converts hydrogen peroxide to 2 molecules of water.
ROS produced in large amounts - ANS-normal pathways for their detoxification may be
overwhelmed which can lead to cellular damage and or death
Under normal healthy conditions, how are ROS produced by the mitochondria neutralized -
ANS-enzymes and peptides that convert ROS to non-toxic molecules
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) - ANS-enzyme that catalyzes conversion of superoxide free radical
to hydrogen peroxide
Glutathione Peroxidase - ANS-catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water
Injury to Cellular Membranes, with Loss of Cellular Membrane Integrity - ANS-Cell contents leak
when cell injury damages membranes - the basis of many lab tests
, Abnormal organelle function - ANS-linked to cell death
Apoptosis - ANS-tightly regulated cell process (programmed cell death). In healthy adult
tissues, cell death balances cell division. Otherwise, the tissue would grow or shrink.
Certain organelles that are more likely to initiate apoptosis - ANS-Rough ER and Mitochondria
Where does protein synthesis occur? - ANS-nucleus/ribosomes
Mitochondria functions - ANS-ATP production and calcium storage
When damage causes the outer mitochondrial membrane to leak proteins such as - ANS-
cytochrome C enter the cytoplasm and signal for apoptosic pathway of cell death
Apoptosis does not initiate?? - ANS-inflammation
Major cell death pathways - ANS-apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy
Cell death is necessary for - ANS-growth and development, as well as maintenance; cellular
turnover is normal
Apoptosis is necessary for destroying damaged or infected cells - ANS-Immune system needs to
be able to destroy antibodies that react against the self
Apoptosis protects against development of cancer - ANS-Failure of apoptotic pathways can
lead to cancer; and once cancer is established, tumor cells can develop ability to avoid
apoptosis.
