NR 283 PATHO FINAL EXAM GUIDE
CHAPTER 2: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE (5 questions)
1. EDEMA
Increased capillary permeability
2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA
-Cardiac dysrhythmias
3. PARATHYROID HORMONE (4 Scenarios)
-produced in parathyroid gland which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid
gland
-Calcium balance and phosphorus level is controlled by parathyroid hormone
-Hypoparathyroidism can lead to hypocalcemia
-Hyperparathyroidism can lead to hypercalcemia and bone demineralization that may
cause spontaneous fractures.
4. ACIDOSIS (He said general/systemic effect of acidosis)
-Excess hydrogen ions
-Decrease in serum pH
-Addition of bicarbonate to the blood to reverse acidosis (lactate solution)
****Effects of Acidosis
Direct effect of acidosis are manifested by the Nervous Sytem:
-Impaired nervous system function
-Headache
-Lethargy
-Weakness
-Confusion
-Coma and death
-Compensation
-Deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul’s respirations)
-Secretion of urine with a low pH
5. RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION (related to anesthesia/drugs on how compensation
happens)
-Compensation happens for anesthesia, increase in secretion of H+ ions into filtrate
, CHAPTER 5: INFLAMMATION AND HEALING (5 questions)
1. TEARS
-nonspecific/First line of defense/mechanical barrier
2. CONTROLLING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
-body response thru vasodilation, sweating, lethargy and body extend
3. ICE AND EDEMA
-Ice/cold cause vasoconstriction, decreasing pain and edema
4. ASPIRIN
-aspirin in pediatrics risk for Reye’s Syndrome, complication involves brain and liver
damage and can be fatal.
5. NEUTROPHILS
-nonspecific, phagocytize bacteria
-neutrophils (a leukocytes) and macrophage randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell
debris and foreign matter
CHAPTER 12: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISORDERS (10 questions)
1. ANGINA
***NITROGLYCERIN
-Occurs when there is a deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs
2. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)
-death of cardiac muscle resulting from prolonged ischemia
***How is MI Diagnosed?
-Diagnosis is confirmed through electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and serum enzyme
and isoenzyme
levels.
-Serum levels of myosin and cardiac troponin are elevated;
-serum electrolyte levels may be abnormal;
-leukocytosis and an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR) are
common;
-arterial blood gas is altered.
- Pulmonary artery pressure measurements should be conducted to determine ventricular
function.
CHAPTER 2: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE (5 questions)
1. EDEMA
Increased capillary permeability
2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA
-Cardiac dysrhythmias
3. PARATHYROID HORMONE (4 Scenarios)
-produced in parathyroid gland which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid
gland
-Calcium balance and phosphorus level is controlled by parathyroid hormone
-Hypoparathyroidism can lead to hypocalcemia
-Hyperparathyroidism can lead to hypercalcemia and bone demineralization that may
cause spontaneous fractures.
4. ACIDOSIS (He said general/systemic effect of acidosis)
-Excess hydrogen ions
-Decrease in serum pH
-Addition of bicarbonate to the blood to reverse acidosis (lactate solution)
****Effects of Acidosis
Direct effect of acidosis are manifested by the Nervous Sytem:
-Impaired nervous system function
-Headache
-Lethargy
-Weakness
-Confusion
-Coma and death
-Compensation
-Deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul’s respirations)
-Secretion of urine with a low pH
5. RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION (related to anesthesia/drugs on how compensation
happens)
-Compensation happens for anesthesia, increase in secretion of H+ ions into filtrate
, CHAPTER 5: INFLAMMATION AND HEALING (5 questions)
1. TEARS
-nonspecific/First line of defense/mechanical barrier
2. CONTROLLING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
-body response thru vasodilation, sweating, lethargy and body extend
3. ICE AND EDEMA
-Ice/cold cause vasoconstriction, decreasing pain and edema
4. ASPIRIN
-aspirin in pediatrics risk for Reye’s Syndrome, complication involves brain and liver
damage and can be fatal.
5. NEUTROPHILS
-nonspecific, phagocytize bacteria
-neutrophils (a leukocytes) and macrophage randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell
debris and foreign matter
CHAPTER 12: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISORDERS (10 questions)
1. ANGINA
***NITROGLYCERIN
-Occurs when there is a deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs
2. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)
-death of cardiac muscle resulting from prolonged ischemia
***How is MI Diagnosed?
-Diagnosis is confirmed through electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and serum enzyme
and isoenzyme
levels.
-Serum levels of myosin and cardiac troponin are elevated;
-serum electrolyte levels may be abnormal;
-leukocytosis and an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR) are
common;
-arterial blood gas is altered.
- Pulmonary artery pressure measurements should be conducted to determine ventricular
function.
