PEN2608
OCT/NOV FINAL
EXAM 2026
UNIQUE NO.
DUE DATE: OCTOBER 2026
, Correction and Care - PEN2608
October/November 2026 Examination
QUESTION 1.1: Briefly discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (10 marks)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a psychological theory developed by Abraham Maslow
to explain human motivation and the needs that influence human behaviour. The theory
proposes that people have different levels of needs, ranging from basic physical survival
to personal fulfilment. These needs are commonly represented as a five-level pyramid.
Although people may pursue several needs simultaneously, the theory suggests that
basic needs generally require attention before higher-level needs become the main
motivational priority.
1. Physiological needs
Physiological needs are the most basic human requirements for survival. They include
food, water, air, sleep, clothing and shelter. If these needs are not satisfied, individuals
may struggle to concentrate on other activities or pursue personal development. In a
correctional centre, these needs should be met by providing sufficient nutritious food,
clean drinking water, suitable clothing, adequate accommodation, sanitation and
opportunities for rest.
2. Safety and security needs
Safety needs refer to the desire for protection from physical harm, threats, violence and
other dangers. They also include security, stability and protection from exploitation. In
correctional centres, these needs can be addressed through effective security
measures, protection against assault, safe accommodation, healthcare and fair
enforcement of institutional rules. A safe environment enables offenders to participate
more confidently in rehabilitation programmes.
3. Love and belongingness needs
OCT/NOV FINAL
EXAM 2026
UNIQUE NO.
DUE DATE: OCTOBER 2026
, Correction and Care - PEN2608
October/November 2026 Examination
QUESTION 1.1: Briefly discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (10 marks)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a psychological theory developed by Abraham Maslow
to explain human motivation and the needs that influence human behaviour. The theory
proposes that people have different levels of needs, ranging from basic physical survival
to personal fulfilment. These needs are commonly represented as a five-level pyramid.
Although people may pursue several needs simultaneously, the theory suggests that
basic needs generally require attention before higher-level needs become the main
motivational priority.
1. Physiological needs
Physiological needs are the most basic human requirements for survival. They include
food, water, air, sleep, clothing and shelter. If these needs are not satisfied, individuals
may struggle to concentrate on other activities or pursue personal development. In a
correctional centre, these needs should be met by providing sufficient nutritious food,
clean drinking water, suitable clothing, adequate accommodation, sanitation and
opportunities for rest.
2. Safety and security needs
Safety needs refer to the desire for protection from physical harm, threats, violence and
other dangers. They also include security, stability and protection from exploitation. In
correctional centres, these needs can be addressed through effective security
measures, protection against assault, safe accommodation, healthcare and fair
enforcement of institutional rules. A safe environment enables offenders to participate
more confidently in rehabilitation programmes.
3. Love and belongingness needs
