NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Test
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Study Guide Bundle
Table of Contents
Section Topic Area Questions
I Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death 1–40
II Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection 41–80
III Genetics and Neoplasia 81–120
IV Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 121–160
V Cardiovascular Pathophysiology 161–200
VI Pulmonary Pathophysiology 201–230
VII Renal and Genitourinary Pathophysiology 231–260
VIII Endocrine and Metabolic Pathophysiology 261–300
,SECTION I: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY, AND DEATH
(Questions 1–40)
1. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has long-term
hypoxemia. Which cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in the myocardial
cells?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy.
Chronic hypoxemia increases the workload on the myocardium, leading to compensatory
hypertrophy (increase in cell size) to maintain cardiac output. This is a physiologic
adaptation to increased demand. Hyperplasia (increase in cell number) is not typical in
cardiac muscle, as cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated.
2. A patient with prolonged bed rest develops muscle wasting. This type of
atrophy is classified as:
A. Physiologic atrophy
B. Pathologic atrophy
C. Compensatory atrophy
D. Disuse atrophy
D. Disuse atrophy.
,Disuse atrophy occurs when muscles are not used due to immobilization, bed rest, or lack
of physical activity. It is a form of pathologic atrophy but is specifically caused by reduced
workload. Physiologic atrophy occurs with normal processes like aging.
3. A biopsy of the bronchial epithelium in a chronic smoker would most likely
reveal which cellular adaptation?
A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy
B. Metaplasia.
Chronic irritation from smoking causes the ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi to
undergo metaplasia, transforming into stratified squamous epithelium, which is more
resistant to irritation but loses ciliary function. This is a reversible adaptive change.
4. A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver disease. Which cellular change
is most likely seen on biopsy?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Fatty infiltration (steatosis)
D. Dysplasia
C. Fatty infiltration (steatosis).
, Alcohol metabolism leads to increased fatty acid synthesis and decreased fatty acid
oxidation, resulting in accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes (steatosis). This is a
form of intracellular accumulation, not a change in cell number or type.
5. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the number of cells in an organ
or tissue?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia.
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, resulting from
increased cell division. It occurs in tissues capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis
and glandular epithelium. It is often a response to hormonal stimulation or chronic
irritation.
6. The primary mechanism of cellular swelling during acute ischemia is:
A. Increased sodium-potassium pump activity
B. Failure of ATP-dependent ion pumps
C. Increased intracellular calcium
D. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of ATP-dependent ion pumps.
Ischemia leads to decreased ATP production, causing failure of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump.
Bank | UTA Complete Questions and Answers
Study Guide Bundle
Table of Contents
Section Topic Area Questions
I Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death 1–40
II Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection 41–80
III Genetics and Neoplasia 81–120
IV Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 121–160
V Cardiovascular Pathophysiology 161–200
VI Pulmonary Pathophysiology 201–230
VII Renal and Genitourinary Pathophysiology 231–260
VIII Endocrine and Metabolic Pathophysiology 261–300
,SECTION I: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY, AND DEATH
(Questions 1–40)
1. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has long-term
hypoxemia. Which cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in the myocardial
cells?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy.
Chronic hypoxemia increases the workload on the myocardium, leading to compensatory
hypertrophy (increase in cell size) to maintain cardiac output. This is a physiologic
adaptation to increased demand. Hyperplasia (increase in cell number) is not typical in
cardiac muscle, as cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated.
2. A patient with prolonged bed rest develops muscle wasting. This type of
atrophy is classified as:
A. Physiologic atrophy
B. Pathologic atrophy
C. Compensatory atrophy
D. Disuse atrophy
D. Disuse atrophy.
,Disuse atrophy occurs when muscles are not used due to immobilization, bed rest, or lack
of physical activity. It is a form of pathologic atrophy but is specifically caused by reduced
workload. Physiologic atrophy occurs with normal processes like aging.
3. A biopsy of the bronchial epithelium in a chronic smoker would most likely
reveal which cellular adaptation?
A. Atrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy
B. Metaplasia.
Chronic irritation from smoking causes the ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi to
undergo metaplasia, transforming into stratified squamous epithelium, which is more
resistant to irritation but loses ciliary function. This is a reversible adaptive change.
4. A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver disease. Which cellular change
is most likely seen on biopsy?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Fatty infiltration (steatosis)
D. Dysplasia
C. Fatty infiltration (steatosis).
, Alcohol metabolism leads to increased fatty acid synthesis and decreased fatty acid
oxidation, resulting in accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes (steatosis). This is a
form of intracellular accumulation, not a change in cell number or type.
5. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the number of cells in an organ
or tissue?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia.
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, resulting from
increased cell division. It occurs in tissues capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis
and glandular epithelium. It is often a response to hormonal stimulation or chronic
irritation.
6. The primary mechanism of cellular swelling during acute ischemia is:
A. Increased sodium-potassium pump activity
B. Failure of ATP-dependent ion pumps
C. Increased intracellular calcium
D. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of ATP-dependent ion pumps.
Ischemia leads to decreased ATP production, causing failure of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump.
