NURSE 3200: FINAL EXAM MASTER SET |
STUDY GUIDE | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,Water is found in 3 different fluid compartments: Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
Hydrostatic Pressure Pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream.
The heart's pumping action is the source of this pressure.
Exerts an outward force that pushes water through the capillary membrane pores into the
ISF and ICF compartments.
ECF water > ICF compartment.
Osmotic Pressure Pressure exerted by the solutes in solution.
In the bloodstream, this pressure is exerted by electrolytes, mainly sodium ions and
plasma proteins.
It is a force that pulls water into the bloodstream from the ICF and ISF.
Oncotic Pressure Also called colloidal oncotic pressure, refers to the force exerted specifically by albumin
in the bloodstream.
Sodium-Potassium Pump: Sodium The main determinant of osmolarity.
Is a positive ion.
Also called a cation.
Is found mostly in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and assists in the maintenance of fluid
balance and osmotic pressure.
Sodium-Potassium Pump: Potassium The main intracellular cation.
Assists in the maintenance of neuromuscular excitability and acid-base balance.
Sodium (NA+)/Potassium (K+) Pump Pumps Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells
Osmolarity Is the number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution; it is dependent on the number of
particles suspended in a solution.
Dehydration A state of diminished water volume in the body.
Deficit of intracellular fluid, which causes the body cells to shrink.
Decreased amount of water in the extracellular fluid.
,Symptoms of dehydration Thirst
Dry mucous membranes
Poor skin turgor
Hypotension
Low urine output
Dark colored urine
In newborns; depressed fontanelle
What does your body do in response to dehydration or Stimulation of osmoreceptors in blood vessels. Stimulation of thirst center in the
hypovolemia? hypothalamus in the brain.
Stimulation of peripheral baroreceptors in blood vessels. Sympathetic nervous system
increases heart rate and vasoconstriction of the blood vessels.
Stimulation of kidneys to secrete renin, resulting is the RAAS, which raises blood volume
and blood pressure.
Stimulation of osmoreceptors. Stimulation of posterior pituitary gland of brain, secretion
of ADH, resulting in increased water reabsorption at nephron of kidneys.
Isotonic solution Same tonicity as blood; 0.9% NaCl
Hypotonic solution Less tonicity than blood; 0.45% NaCl.
Moves water in to cells.
Hypertonic solution Greater tonicity than blood; 3% NaCl of IV mannitol.
Moves water out of cells.
Used for hyperkalemia.
Fluid Homeostasis is maintained by: Osmoreceptors
Sensation of thirst at hypothalamus
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Natriuretic hormones
What occurs with Hypernatremia? NaCl increases osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure.
Water is pulled from ICF to ECF; cellular dehydration occurs.
Hyponatremia Fewer than 135mEq/L.
Can occur in low blood volume; hypovolemic hyponatremia.
Can occur in high blood volume; dilutional hyponatremia
, Causes of Hyponatremia Diarrhea
Vomiting
Excess sweating
Burns
Wounds
Gastric lavage
Symptoms of Hyponatremia Headache
Lethargy
Apathy
Confusion
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Muscle cramps and spasms
Severe Hyponatremia Fewer than 125 mEq/L of Sodium.
Has a high mortality rate.
In instances when the serum sodium level is fewer than 105 mEq/L, the mortality is over
50%
Hypernatremia Greater than 145mg/dL of Sodium.
Most common cause: water loss
Causes cellular dehydration
Elderly and great feeding infants at highest risk.
Symptoms of Hypernatremia Clinical manifestations can be divided into two distinct patterns; with fluid overload, and
without fluid overload.
Hypernatremia with Water Retention If hypernatremia causes water retention, then picture is one of an edematous state
Weight gain is often present
Hypertension also occurs
If severe, mental changes and pulmonary edema occur.
STUDY GUIDE | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| NURSING EXAM PREP | 100% VERIFIED |
A+ GUARANTEE
Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,Water is found in 3 different fluid compartments: Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
Hydrostatic Pressure Pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream.
The heart's pumping action is the source of this pressure.
Exerts an outward force that pushes water through the capillary membrane pores into the
ISF and ICF compartments.
ECF water > ICF compartment.
Osmotic Pressure Pressure exerted by the solutes in solution.
In the bloodstream, this pressure is exerted by electrolytes, mainly sodium ions and
plasma proteins.
It is a force that pulls water into the bloodstream from the ICF and ISF.
Oncotic Pressure Also called colloidal oncotic pressure, refers to the force exerted specifically by albumin
in the bloodstream.
Sodium-Potassium Pump: Sodium The main determinant of osmolarity.
Is a positive ion.
Also called a cation.
Is found mostly in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and assists in the maintenance of fluid
balance and osmotic pressure.
Sodium-Potassium Pump: Potassium The main intracellular cation.
Assists in the maintenance of neuromuscular excitability and acid-base balance.
Sodium (NA+)/Potassium (K+) Pump Pumps Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells
Osmolarity Is the number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution; it is dependent on the number of
particles suspended in a solution.
Dehydration A state of diminished water volume in the body.
Deficit of intracellular fluid, which causes the body cells to shrink.
Decreased amount of water in the extracellular fluid.
,Symptoms of dehydration Thirst
Dry mucous membranes
Poor skin turgor
Hypotension
Low urine output
Dark colored urine
In newborns; depressed fontanelle
What does your body do in response to dehydration or Stimulation of osmoreceptors in blood vessels. Stimulation of thirst center in the
hypovolemia? hypothalamus in the brain.
Stimulation of peripheral baroreceptors in blood vessels. Sympathetic nervous system
increases heart rate and vasoconstriction of the blood vessels.
Stimulation of kidneys to secrete renin, resulting is the RAAS, which raises blood volume
and blood pressure.
Stimulation of osmoreceptors. Stimulation of posterior pituitary gland of brain, secretion
of ADH, resulting in increased water reabsorption at nephron of kidneys.
Isotonic solution Same tonicity as blood; 0.9% NaCl
Hypotonic solution Less tonicity than blood; 0.45% NaCl.
Moves water in to cells.
Hypertonic solution Greater tonicity than blood; 3% NaCl of IV mannitol.
Moves water out of cells.
Used for hyperkalemia.
Fluid Homeostasis is maintained by: Osmoreceptors
Sensation of thirst at hypothalamus
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Natriuretic hormones
What occurs with Hypernatremia? NaCl increases osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure.
Water is pulled from ICF to ECF; cellular dehydration occurs.
Hyponatremia Fewer than 135mEq/L.
Can occur in low blood volume; hypovolemic hyponatremia.
Can occur in high blood volume; dilutional hyponatremia
, Causes of Hyponatremia Diarrhea
Vomiting
Excess sweating
Burns
Wounds
Gastric lavage
Symptoms of Hyponatremia Headache
Lethargy
Apathy
Confusion
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Muscle cramps and spasms
Severe Hyponatremia Fewer than 125 mEq/L of Sodium.
Has a high mortality rate.
In instances when the serum sodium level is fewer than 105 mEq/L, the mortality is over
50%
Hypernatremia Greater than 145mg/dL of Sodium.
Most common cause: water loss
Causes cellular dehydration
Elderly and great feeding infants at highest risk.
Symptoms of Hypernatremia Clinical manifestations can be divided into two distinct patterns; with fluid overload, and
without fluid overload.
Hypernatremia with Water Retention If hypernatremia causes water retention, then picture is one of an edematous state
Weight gain is often present
Hypertension also occurs
If severe, mental changes and pulmonary edema occur.
