PATHO NUR 3200 FINAL | STUDY GUIDE |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
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,What is a Fracture Blister? A blister forms when a fracture causes damage in an area with thinner soft tissue.
What are the Risk factors of a Fracture Blister? -High energy or twisting injury
-Excessive joint manipulation
-Dependent positioning
-Heat application
-Peripheral vascular disease
How do you treat Fracture Blisters The same as a burn
What is Compartment Syndrome? Increased pressure in a closed space compresses and compromises tissue circulation,
leading to necrosis.
What are causes of Compartment Syndrome -Burns
-bleeding/edema from fracture
-Contusions, soft tissue injury
-Casts and constricting dressings
Manifestations of Compartment Syndrome -Pain out of Proportion
-Paresthesia from nerve compression
-Paralysis
Diagnosis and Treatment of Compartment Syndrome Dx: Ultrasound
Tx:
-Releasing tight dressings or splitting a cast
-Slight elevation of the limb
-Fasciotomy
What is Thromboemoli? A blood clot forms, then breaks off and floats somewhere else
What are the risk factors of Thromboemboli? - Lower extremity fracture & orthopedic surgery
- Virchow's Triad: hemostasis, vein wall trauma, hypercoagulability
How do you diagnose a Thromboemboli? -D-dimer
-Ultrasound
,Prevention of a Thromboemboli -Hydration
-Early ambulation
-Anticoagulants
-Compression devices
Treatment and Complications of a Thromboemboli Tx:
-Anticoagulants
-Thrombolytics
-Thrombectomy
Complications:
-Pulmonary emboli
What is Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)? Fat droplets enter small blood vessels, forming blockages, leading to multiple life-
threatening manifestations.
Manifestations of FES -Within 12-72 hours after injury
-Respiratory failure
-Cerebral dysfunction
-Seizures
-Skin/mucosal petechiae
Treatment of FES Oxygen and respiratory support
What is Hematogenous Osteomyelitis? An infection travels from somewhere else to the bone using the bloodstream.
Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children -Acute, long bones, metaphysis
-↑ pressure → periosteum lift → Cuts off blood supply→ necrosis
-± sinus tract
-<1: joint spread | >1: subperiosteal abscess
Risk Factors of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults -Debilitation
-History chronic skin infections
-Chronic urinary tract infections
-Intravenous drug use
-Immunocompromised
, What can Hematogenous Osteomyelitis affect in adults? -Vertebrae
-Sternoclavicular joint
-Sacroiliac joint
-Symphysis pubis
manifestations of hematogenous osteomyelitis -Bacteremia
-Symptoms at site of bone lesion
--Pain on movement of extremity
--Loss of movement
--Local tenderness, redness, swelling
Diagnosis of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis -X-ray: Increased osteoclast activity with abscess formation
-CT scan
Treatment of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis -Antibiotics
-Surgical debridement
What is Direct Penetration and Contiguous Spread -Most common form in the US
Osteomyelitis? -Bacteria enter from an outside source (open fracture, joint replacement, bone surgery)
-Most common bacteria is Staph or Strep
What are the Manifestations of Direct Penetration and -Infection at surgical or trauma site
Contiguous Spread Osteomyelitis? -Fever
-Continuous wound drainage
Prevention of Direct Penetration and Contiguous Spread -Pre-surgical skin prep
Osteomyelitis? -Strict OR protocols
-Prophylactic Antibiotics
-Sterile wound care techniques
What is Chronic Osteomyelitis? -Usually in adults
-Secondary infection
-Decreased cases
Manifestations of Chronic Osteomyelitis -Sequestrum = infected dead bone
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PREP | 100%
VERIFIED | A+ GUARANTEE
Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,What is a Fracture Blister? A blister forms when a fracture causes damage in an area with thinner soft tissue.
What are the Risk factors of a Fracture Blister? -High energy or twisting injury
-Excessive joint manipulation
-Dependent positioning
-Heat application
-Peripheral vascular disease
How do you treat Fracture Blisters The same as a burn
What is Compartment Syndrome? Increased pressure in a closed space compresses and compromises tissue circulation,
leading to necrosis.
What are causes of Compartment Syndrome -Burns
-bleeding/edema from fracture
-Contusions, soft tissue injury
-Casts and constricting dressings
Manifestations of Compartment Syndrome -Pain out of Proportion
-Paresthesia from nerve compression
-Paralysis
Diagnosis and Treatment of Compartment Syndrome Dx: Ultrasound
Tx:
-Releasing tight dressings or splitting a cast
-Slight elevation of the limb
-Fasciotomy
What is Thromboemoli? A blood clot forms, then breaks off and floats somewhere else
What are the risk factors of Thromboemboli? - Lower extremity fracture & orthopedic surgery
- Virchow's Triad: hemostasis, vein wall trauma, hypercoagulability
How do you diagnose a Thromboemboli? -D-dimer
-Ultrasound
,Prevention of a Thromboemboli -Hydration
-Early ambulation
-Anticoagulants
-Compression devices
Treatment and Complications of a Thromboemboli Tx:
-Anticoagulants
-Thrombolytics
-Thrombectomy
Complications:
-Pulmonary emboli
What is Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES)? Fat droplets enter small blood vessels, forming blockages, leading to multiple life-
threatening manifestations.
Manifestations of FES -Within 12-72 hours after injury
-Respiratory failure
-Cerebral dysfunction
-Seizures
-Skin/mucosal petechiae
Treatment of FES Oxygen and respiratory support
What is Hematogenous Osteomyelitis? An infection travels from somewhere else to the bone using the bloodstream.
Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Children -Acute, long bones, metaphysis
-↑ pressure → periosteum lift → Cuts off blood supply→ necrosis
-± sinus tract
-<1: joint spread | >1: subperiosteal abscess
Risk Factors of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults -Debilitation
-History chronic skin infections
-Chronic urinary tract infections
-Intravenous drug use
-Immunocompromised
, What can Hematogenous Osteomyelitis affect in adults? -Vertebrae
-Sternoclavicular joint
-Sacroiliac joint
-Symphysis pubis
manifestations of hematogenous osteomyelitis -Bacteremia
-Symptoms at site of bone lesion
--Pain on movement of extremity
--Loss of movement
--Local tenderness, redness, swelling
Diagnosis of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis -X-ray: Increased osteoclast activity with abscess formation
-CT scan
Treatment of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis -Antibiotics
-Surgical debridement
What is Direct Penetration and Contiguous Spread -Most common form in the US
Osteomyelitis? -Bacteria enter from an outside source (open fracture, joint replacement, bone surgery)
-Most common bacteria is Staph or Strep
What are the Manifestations of Direct Penetration and -Infection at surgical or trauma site
Contiguous Spread Osteomyelitis? -Fever
-Continuous wound drainage
Prevention of Direct Penetration and Contiguous Spread -Pre-surgical skin prep
Osteomyelitis? -Strict OR protocols
-Prophylactic Antibiotics
-Sterile wound care techniques
What is Chronic Osteomyelitis? -Usually in adults
-Secondary infection
-Decreased cases
Manifestations of Chronic Osteomyelitis -Sequestrum = infected dead bone
