ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 13TH EDITION BY
TODARO COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SCRIPT
WITH SOLUTIONS
◉ Cultural Convergence.
Answer: The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they
increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a
modern world united by improved transportation and
communication.
◉ Deindustrialization.
Answer: Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other
regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized
region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period
of high unemployment.
◉ Dependency Theory.
Answer: a model of economic and social development that explains
global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor
nations by rich ones
◉ Development.
,Answer: The process of growth, expansion, or realization of
potential; bringing regional resources into full productive use.
◉ Ecotourism.
Answer: A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas
or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or
culture in an environmentally sustainable way.
◉ Energy Consumption.
Answer: Energy used by a country as an indicator of development -
MDCs tend to consume much more energy per capita then LDCs do.
◉ Fixed Costs.
Answer: An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and
equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an
input cost that is spatially constant.
◉ Footloose Firm.
Answer: A firm with manufacturing activities for which the cost of
transporting activities or product is not important in determining
location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market
nor material orientation.
◉ Freight Rates.
, Answer: The charge levied by a transporter for the loading, moving,
and unloading of goods; includes line-haul costs and terminal costs.
◉ Friction of Distance.
Answer: A measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance
on spatial interaction.
◉ Gender.
Answer: In the cultural sense, a reference to socially created, not
biologically based, distinctions between femininity and masculinity.
◉ Globalization.
Answer: A reference to the increasing interconnection of all parts o
the world as the full range of social, cultural, political, and economic
processes becomes international in scale and effect.
◉ Gross Domestic Product.
Answer: The total value of goods and services produced within the
borders of a country during a specified time period, usually a
calendar year.
◉ Gross National Product (Gross National Income).
TODARO COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SCRIPT
WITH SOLUTIONS
◉ Cultural Convergence.
Answer: The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they
increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a
modern world united by improved transportation and
communication.
◉ Deindustrialization.
Answer: Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other
regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized
region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period
of high unemployment.
◉ Dependency Theory.
Answer: a model of economic and social development that explains
global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor
nations by rich ones
◉ Development.
,Answer: The process of growth, expansion, or realization of
potential; bringing regional resources into full productive use.
◉ Ecotourism.
Answer: A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas
or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or
culture in an environmentally sustainable way.
◉ Energy Consumption.
Answer: Energy used by a country as an indicator of development -
MDCs tend to consume much more energy per capita then LDCs do.
◉ Fixed Costs.
Answer: An activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and
equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an
input cost that is spatially constant.
◉ Footloose Firm.
Answer: A firm with manufacturing activities for which the cost of
transporting activities or product is not important in determining
location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market
nor material orientation.
◉ Freight Rates.
, Answer: The charge levied by a transporter for the loading, moving,
and unloading of goods; includes line-haul costs and terminal costs.
◉ Friction of Distance.
Answer: A measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance
on spatial interaction.
◉ Gender.
Answer: In the cultural sense, a reference to socially created, not
biologically based, distinctions between femininity and masculinity.
◉ Globalization.
Answer: A reference to the increasing interconnection of all parts o
the world as the full range of social, cultural, political, and economic
processes becomes international in scale and effect.
◉ Gross Domestic Product.
Answer: The total value of goods and services produced within the
borders of a country during a specified time period, usually a
calendar year.
◉ Gross National Product (Gross National Income).
