NUR 301 CUNY LEHMAN COLLEGE - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM #1 –
PORTH QUESTIONS | 2026/2027 UPDATE | 100 COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS WITH RATIONALES
1. Which of the following is considered a potential trigger event for an
autoimmune disease?
A. Hypertension
B. Infections
C. Hyperlipidemia
D. Osteoporosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to the exam guide, trigger events for autoimmune
diseases include infections, environmental factors, and genetic
predisposition.
2. A patient presents with nonspecific complaints such as mild
headache and fatigue before developing a fever. Which stage of fever
is this?
A. Chill
B. Flush
C. Prodrome
D. Defervescence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The prodrome stage is characterized by nonspecific
complaints prior to the actual rise in temperature.
3. Which tissue type is described as the most abundant in the body
and functions to hold tissues together?
,A. Epithelial
B. Muscle
C. Nervous
D. Connective
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body
and serves to hold tissues together.
4. A bacterium produces a substance that allows it to attach to the
host's mucous membranes. Which virulence factor is this?
A. Toxins
B. Adhesion Factors
C. Evasion Factors
D. Invasion Factors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Adhesion factors provide the ability for the pathogen to
attach to the host.
5. Which of the following is true regarding the genetic component of
autoimmune diseases?
A. Autoimmune diseases are exclusively caused by genetics
B. Autoimmune diseases may be genetic
C. Genetics play no role in autoimmune diseases
D. Genetic triggers are only environmental
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The course material states that autoimmune diseases may be
genetic, alongside infections and environmental triggers.
6. During which stage of a fever does the patient experience
cutaneous vasodilation, making the skin warm and red?
,A. Prodrome
B. Chill
C. Flush
D. Defervescence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The flush stage is defined by cutaneous vasodilation, which
makes the skin warm and red.
7. Which tissue type is responsible for movement and changes in the
size and shape of internal organs?
A. Epithelial
B. Connective
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and changes in
size and shape of internal organs.
8. What is the primary characteristic of evasion factors in virulence?
A. Ability to attach to host
B. Ability to penetrate host barriers
C. Ability to evade host immune defenses
D. Ability to produce endotoxins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Evasion factors are specifically defined as the ability to evade
the host's immune defenses.
9. Which stage of fever involves the patient experiencing cold and
shaking as the temperature rises?
A. Prodrome
, B. Chill
C. Flush
D. Defervescence
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The chill stage occurs during the temperature rise and is
associated with feeling cold and shaking.
10. Which tissue type is characterized by an integrated communication
system?
A. Epithelial
B. Connective
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nervous tissue is defined as an integrated communication
system.
11. Which of the following is NOT listed as a trigger event for
autoimmune diseases?
A. Infections
B. Environmental factors
C. Genetic factors
D. Dietary supplements
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The listed triggers are infections, environmental, and may be
genetic. Dietary supplements are not listed.
12. A patient's fever breaks, and they begin to sweat profusely. Which
stage of fever are they in?
A. Prodrome
PORTH QUESTIONS | 2026/2027 UPDATE | 100 COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS WITH RATIONALES
1. Which of the following is considered a potential trigger event for an
autoimmune disease?
A. Hypertension
B. Infections
C. Hyperlipidemia
D. Osteoporosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to the exam guide, trigger events for autoimmune
diseases include infections, environmental factors, and genetic
predisposition.
2. A patient presents with nonspecific complaints such as mild
headache and fatigue before developing a fever. Which stage of fever
is this?
A. Chill
B. Flush
C. Prodrome
D. Defervescence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The prodrome stage is characterized by nonspecific
complaints prior to the actual rise in temperature.
3. Which tissue type is described as the most abundant in the body
and functions to hold tissues together?
,A. Epithelial
B. Muscle
C. Nervous
D. Connective
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body
and serves to hold tissues together.
4. A bacterium produces a substance that allows it to attach to the
host's mucous membranes. Which virulence factor is this?
A. Toxins
B. Adhesion Factors
C. Evasion Factors
D. Invasion Factors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Adhesion factors provide the ability for the pathogen to
attach to the host.
5. Which of the following is true regarding the genetic component of
autoimmune diseases?
A. Autoimmune diseases are exclusively caused by genetics
B. Autoimmune diseases may be genetic
C. Genetics play no role in autoimmune diseases
D. Genetic triggers are only environmental
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The course material states that autoimmune diseases may be
genetic, alongside infections and environmental triggers.
6. During which stage of a fever does the patient experience
cutaneous vasodilation, making the skin warm and red?
,A. Prodrome
B. Chill
C. Flush
D. Defervescence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The flush stage is defined by cutaneous vasodilation, which
makes the skin warm and red.
7. Which tissue type is responsible for movement and changes in the
size and shape of internal organs?
A. Epithelial
B. Connective
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and changes in
size and shape of internal organs.
8. What is the primary characteristic of evasion factors in virulence?
A. Ability to attach to host
B. Ability to penetrate host barriers
C. Ability to evade host immune defenses
D. Ability to produce endotoxins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Evasion factors are specifically defined as the ability to evade
the host's immune defenses.
9. Which stage of fever involves the patient experiencing cold and
shaking as the temperature rises?
A. Prodrome
, B. Chill
C. Flush
D. Defervescence
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The chill stage occurs during the temperature rise and is
associated with feeling cold and shaking.
10. Which tissue type is characterized by an integrated communication
system?
A. Epithelial
B. Connective
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nervous tissue is defined as an integrated communication
system.
11. Which of the following is NOT listed as a trigger event for
autoimmune diseases?
A. Infections
B. Environmental factors
C. Genetic factors
D. Dietary supplements
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The listed triggers are infections, environmental, and may be
genetic. Dietary supplements are not listed.
12. A patient's fever breaks, and they begin to sweat profusely. Which
stage of fever are they in?
A. Prodrome
