PSL 250 FINAL EXAM (MODULES 1-5 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES) UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Question:
1. (Lecture #2) - Define homeosta-sis and the components of a home-ostatic system.
Answer:
Homeostasis - The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment, or "steady
state," in re-sponse to changing internal or external conditions.
- hundreds of anatomic structures and physiologic
processes are continuously monitored and adjusted components:
1. stimulus - changes in a variable that is regulates (tem-
perature, stretch in muscle)
2. receptor - structure that detects the stimulus (sensory
neurons, stretch receptors)
3. receptor sends input information to the control center
(if receptor and control center are separate structures)
4. control center - integrates input and initiates change
through the effectors (usually brain or endocrine gland)
5. control center sends output information to an effector
(initiates response)
6. effector - structure that brings about a change to the
stimulus (muscle or gland)
7. homeostasis restored
Question:
2. (Lecture #2) - List the four organ-ic biological macromolecules and atoms that make up these
macro-molecules.
Answer:
carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids
- biological macromolecules always contain carbon, hy-
drogen, and generally oxygen atoms
- some also contain: phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur
- CHON PS - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus, Sulfur
Question:
3. (Lecture #3) - Distinguish be-tween cellular processes of pas-sive membrane transport includ-ing
simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Answer:
passive processes - no expenditure of cellular energy re-quired; substances move down their
concentration gra-dient diffusion - movement of solutes osmosis - movement of water across a
selectively perme-able membrane simple diffusion - no transport protein required facilitated diffusion
- transport protein required channel-mediated - ion moves through channel carrier-mediated - small
polar molecule moved by carrier protein diffusion - factors that influence the rate of diffusion:
1. temperature (increased temp = faster rate of diffu-
sion)
, 2. concentration gradient (larger gradient = faster rate of
diffusion)
3. distance (larger distance = slower rate of diffusion)
4. surface area (larger surface area = faster rate of diffu-
sion)
5. size of the particle (larger particles = slower rate of
diffusion)
- system always moves towards equilibrium
Question:
4. Lecture #4B) - Explain the process of osmosis.
Answer:
osmosis - the passive movement of water through a selectively permeable (or semipermeable)
membrane down its concentration gradient
- water can slip between phospholipids via "water chan-
nels" aka aquaporins in the plasma membrane
- aquaporins are integral membrane proteins that span
the entire membrane
- "water follows solute" so it will always follow the con-
centration gradient
Question:
5. (Lecture #4B) - Describe the ef-fect an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solution will have on a
cell.
Answer:
tonicity - the ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis isotonic: iso =
same, solute concentration of the solution is the same, no net movement hypotonic: hypo = under,
solute concentration of the solution is lower outside of the cell, water moves into the cell hypertonic:
hyper = more than, solute concentration of the solution is higher outside of the cell, water moves out
of the cell if a cell is placed in a... isotonic solution - cell shape is normal (biconcave) hypotonic
solution - cell will burst (hemolysis) hypertonic solution - cell will shrivel (crenate)
Question:
6. (Lecture #5) - Name the different layers of the integumentary sys-tem and the different tissues in
those layers.
Answer:
1. epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium
2. dermis - deeper layer, dense irregular connective tis-
sue (attaches hypodermis with epidermis)
3. subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) - areolar and adi-
pose connective tissue (not part of integumentary sys-tem)
Question:
7. (Lecture #5) - Differentiate be-tween thick and thin skin.
Answer:
thick skin:
- palms of hands, soles of feet
- has all five layers of epidermis
OBJECTIVES) UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Question:
1. (Lecture #2) - Define homeosta-sis and the components of a home-ostatic system.
Answer:
Homeostasis - The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment, or "steady
state," in re-sponse to changing internal or external conditions.
- hundreds of anatomic structures and physiologic
processes are continuously monitored and adjusted components:
1. stimulus - changes in a variable that is regulates (tem-
perature, stretch in muscle)
2. receptor - structure that detects the stimulus (sensory
neurons, stretch receptors)
3. receptor sends input information to the control center
(if receptor and control center are separate structures)
4. control center - integrates input and initiates change
through the effectors (usually brain or endocrine gland)
5. control center sends output information to an effector
(initiates response)
6. effector - structure that brings about a change to the
stimulus (muscle or gland)
7. homeostasis restored
Question:
2. (Lecture #2) - List the four organ-ic biological macromolecules and atoms that make up these
macro-molecules.
Answer:
carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids
- biological macromolecules always contain carbon, hy-
drogen, and generally oxygen atoms
- some also contain: phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur
- CHON PS - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus, Sulfur
Question:
3. (Lecture #3) - Distinguish be-tween cellular processes of pas-sive membrane transport includ-ing
simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Answer:
passive processes - no expenditure of cellular energy re-quired; substances move down their
concentration gra-dient diffusion - movement of solutes osmosis - movement of water across a
selectively perme-able membrane simple diffusion - no transport protein required facilitated diffusion
- transport protein required channel-mediated - ion moves through channel carrier-mediated - small
polar molecule moved by carrier protein diffusion - factors that influence the rate of diffusion:
1. temperature (increased temp = faster rate of diffu-
sion)
, 2. concentration gradient (larger gradient = faster rate of
diffusion)
3. distance (larger distance = slower rate of diffusion)
4. surface area (larger surface area = faster rate of diffu-
sion)
5. size of the particle (larger particles = slower rate of
diffusion)
- system always moves towards equilibrium
Question:
4. Lecture #4B) - Explain the process of osmosis.
Answer:
osmosis - the passive movement of water through a selectively permeable (or semipermeable)
membrane down its concentration gradient
- water can slip between phospholipids via "water chan-
nels" aka aquaporins in the plasma membrane
- aquaporins are integral membrane proteins that span
the entire membrane
- "water follows solute" so it will always follow the con-
centration gradient
Question:
5. (Lecture #4B) - Describe the ef-fect an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solution will have on a
cell.
Answer:
tonicity - the ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis isotonic: iso =
same, solute concentration of the solution is the same, no net movement hypotonic: hypo = under,
solute concentration of the solution is lower outside of the cell, water moves into the cell hypertonic:
hyper = more than, solute concentration of the solution is higher outside of the cell, water moves out
of the cell if a cell is placed in a... isotonic solution - cell shape is normal (biconcave) hypotonic
solution - cell will burst (hemolysis) hypertonic solution - cell will shrivel (crenate)
Question:
6. (Lecture #5) - Name the different layers of the integumentary sys-tem and the different tissues in
those layers.
Answer:
1. epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium
2. dermis - deeper layer, dense irregular connective tis-
sue (attaches hypodermis with epidermis)
3. subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) - areolar and adi-
pose connective tissue (not part of integumentary sys-tem)
Question:
7. (Lecture #5) - Differentiate be-tween thick and thin skin.
Answer:
thick skin:
- palms of hands, soles of feet
- has all five layers of epidermis
