NSG 3113 South College -NSG 3113 - Pathophysiology
Exam 1 Questions | 2026/2027 | Answers Correct | With
Complete Solutions
tumor angiogenesis
- cells that metastasize must embed where there are sufficient
nutrients, blood supply and oxygen
- for establishment, it must develop its own blood vessels and
connect to the preexisting blood supply
- cancer cells secrete VEGF
anaplasia
- total cellular disorganization
- abnormal cell appearance
- cell dysfunction
- lack of differentiation
isotonic
- an IV solution that does not cause fluid shifts or alter body cell
size
- same tonicity as blood
- normal saline
hypotonic
- an IV solution that adds water to the blood and fluids shift
from ECF to ICF to deliver water to the body
,- fewer particles and more water than blood
- half normal saline
- usually a dehydration treatment
hypertonic
- an IV solution that adds solutes to the blood and fluids shift
from ICF to ECF causing cells to shrink
- more particles and less water than blood
- mannitol (diminish cell swelling)
- usually a treatment for edema
tonicity
- concentration of solutes in solution compared to in the
bloodstream
- various IV solutions
- concentration difference across a semi-permeable membrane
dehydration
diminished fluid volume caused by:
- lost extracellular fluid
- cell shrinkage
- elevated solutes in the body
edema
elevated fluid volume caused by:
- increased urine output
- increased blood pressure
, - inadequate albumin (hypoalbuminemia)
- lymph blockage
RAAS
- decrease in circulation or drop in blood pressure
- kidneys release renin
- renin stimulates release of angiotensinogen
- reach the lungs to transform to angiotensin I
- ACE transform angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone
- Aldosterone increases sodium/water reabsorption
and excretion of potassium
- increases blood pressure/blood volume
hypovolemia
- high amounts of solute in blood raises osmotic pressure
creating an imbalance
- osmotic pressure rises to exceed hydrostatic pressure
- water from ICF/ISF move into capillaries and cells lose water
- cells shrink = dehydration
- thirst and polyuria
fluid volume overload
- excessive amount of water in bloodstream
Exam 1 Questions | 2026/2027 | Answers Correct | With
Complete Solutions
tumor angiogenesis
- cells that metastasize must embed where there are sufficient
nutrients, blood supply and oxygen
- for establishment, it must develop its own blood vessels and
connect to the preexisting blood supply
- cancer cells secrete VEGF
anaplasia
- total cellular disorganization
- abnormal cell appearance
- cell dysfunction
- lack of differentiation
isotonic
- an IV solution that does not cause fluid shifts or alter body cell
size
- same tonicity as blood
- normal saline
hypotonic
- an IV solution that adds water to the blood and fluids shift
from ECF to ICF to deliver water to the body
,- fewer particles and more water than blood
- half normal saline
- usually a dehydration treatment
hypertonic
- an IV solution that adds solutes to the blood and fluids shift
from ICF to ECF causing cells to shrink
- more particles and less water than blood
- mannitol (diminish cell swelling)
- usually a treatment for edema
tonicity
- concentration of solutes in solution compared to in the
bloodstream
- various IV solutions
- concentration difference across a semi-permeable membrane
dehydration
diminished fluid volume caused by:
- lost extracellular fluid
- cell shrinkage
- elevated solutes in the body
edema
elevated fluid volume caused by:
- increased urine output
- increased blood pressure
, - inadequate albumin (hypoalbuminemia)
- lymph blockage
RAAS
- decrease in circulation or drop in blood pressure
- kidneys release renin
- renin stimulates release of angiotensinogen
- reach the lungs to transform to angiotensin I
- ACE transform angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone
- Aldosterone increases sodium/water reabsorption
and excretion of potassium
- increases blood pressure/blood volume
hypovolemia
- high amounts of solute in blood raises osmotic pressure
creating an imbalance
- osmotic pressure rises to exceed hydrostatic pressure
- water from ICF/ISF move into capillaries and cells lose water
- cells shrink = dehydration
- thirst and polyuria
fluid volume overload
- excessive amount of water in bloodstream
