N3030 EXAM 2 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Question:
1. What signs and symptoms might we expect a client to complain of with Conges-tive Heart Failure
(CHF)?
Answer:
-Dyspnea -Fatigue and weakness -Peripheral edema -Orthopnea -Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea:
waking up suddenly at night due to shortness of breath. -Cough -Weight gain: due to fluid retention.
-Jugular venous distention (JVD) pressure. -Tachycardia: rapid heart rate
Question:
2. What signs and symptoms might we expect a client to complain of with Chronic Pul-monary
Disease (COPD or Emphy-sema)?
Answer:
-Chronic cough -Dyspnea -Wheezing: due to airway constriction. -Chest tightness. -Increased
respiratory rate -Use of accessory muscles: such as the neck and chest to aid in breathing. -Barrel
chest: *especially in emphysema*, due to overinflation of the lungs. -Cyanosis: a bluish discoloration
of the skin and lips, indicating low oxygen levels. -Clubbing of fingers: in long-term cases, reflecting
chronic hypoxia. -Weight loss: common in advanced COPD, *particularly in emphysema*, due to the
high energy expenditure of breathing.
Question:
3. What are ab-normalities that might be seen in the thoracic cage?
Answer:
-Barrel Chest: anteroposterior diameter is increased, making the chest appear as if it's in a constant
state of inspiration -Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest): A congenital deformity characterized by a
sunken or depressed sternum and adjacent ribs -Pectus Carinatum (Pigeon Chest): A protrusion of the
sternum and ribs -Kyphosis: Exaggerated curvature of the thoracic spine, leading to a "hunched" or
rounded upper back -Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine, causing asymmetry of the thoracic cage
-Flail Chest: a segment of the rib cage breaks and becomes detached from the rest of the thoracic
cage. -Intercostal Retractions: The skin between the ribs moves inward during inspira-tion.
Question:
4. Tachypnea
Answer:
rapid breathing
Question:
5. What is the cause of tachypnea?
Answer:
-Fever: The body increases the respiratory rate to get rid of excess heat. -Anxiety or fear: Emotional
states can lead to increased breathing. -Pain: Pain, especially in the chest or abdomen, may cause
shallow, rapid breath-ing. -Respiratory conditions: Conditions like pneumonia, pulmonary embolism,
or pleuritis can cause tachypnea. -Acidosis: In metabolic acidosis (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis), the
body compen-sates by increasing respiratory rate to blow off carbon dioxide.
, Question:
6. Hyperventilation
Answer:
the condition of taking abnormally fast, deep breaths
Question:
7. What is the cause of hyperventila-tion?
Answer:
-Anxiety or panic attacks: Emotional distress is a common trigger. -Hypoxia: The body increases
breathing in response to low oxygen levels (e.g., in high altitude or severe anemia). -Metabolic
acidosis: In conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis, the body tries to compensate by increasing the rate
and depth of breathing (Kussmaul respirations are a form of hyperventilation). -Brain injury: Damage
to the brainstem can cause abnormal respiratory patterns, including hyperventilation.
Question:
8. Biot's respira-tions
Answer:
Rapid and deep respirations followed by 10 to 30 seconds of apnea
Question:
9. What is the cause of Biot's respira-tions?
Answer:
-Central nervous system (CNS) disorders: This pattern is often associated with damage to the medulla
from conditions like head trauma, brainstem stroke, or increased intracranial pressure. -Meningitis or
encephalitis: Infections affecting the CNS can result in this abnormal breathing pattern
Question:
10. Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Answer:
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum
level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
Question:
11. What is the cause of Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
Answer:
-Congestive heart failure (CHF): The poor circulation seen in CHF affects the brain's respiratory
centers, leading to this breathing pattern. -Increased intracranial pressure: This pattern can develop
when pressure on the brainstem interferes with respiratory control. -Drug overdose: Certain drugs
(especially sedatives or narcotics) can affect respi-ratory control in the brain. -Stroke or brain injury:
Damage to brain regions involved in respiration can result in Cheyne-Stokes breathing. -End-of-life
breathing: This pattern is sometimes observed in critically ill or dying patients as part of the "agonal
breathing" phase.
Question:
12. Normal BP range
ANSWERS
Question:
1. What signs and symptoms might we expect a client to complain of with Conges-tive Heart Failure
(CHF)?
Answer:
-Dyspnea -Fatigue and weakness -Peripheral edema -Orthopnea -Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea:
waking up suddenly at night due to shortness of breath. -Cough -Weight gain: due to fluid retention.
-Jugular venous distention (JVD) pressure. -Tachycardia: rapid heart rate
Question:
2. What signs and symptoms might we expect a client to complain of with Chronic Pul-monary
Disease (COPD or Emphy-sema)?
Answer:
-Chronic cough -Dyspnea -Wheezing: due to airway constriction. -Chest tightness. -Increased
respiratory rate -Use of accessory muscles: such as the neck and chest to aid in breathing. -Barrel
chest: *especially in emphysema*, due to overinflation of the lungs. -Cyanosis: a bluish discoloration
of the skin and lips, indicating low oxygen levels. -Clubbing of fingers: in long-term cases, reflecting
chronic hypoxia. -Weight loss: common in advanced COPD, *particularly in emphysema*, due to the
high energy expenditure of breathing.
Question:
3. What are ab-normalities that might be seen in the thoracic cage?
Answer:
-Barrel Chest: anteroposterior diameter is increased, making the chest appear as if it's in a constant
state of inspiration -Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest): A congenital deformity characterized by a
sunken or depressed sternum and adjacent ribs -Pectus Carinatum (Pigeon Chest): A protrusion of the
sternum and ribs -Kyphosis: Exaggerated curvature of the thoracic spine, leading to a "hunched" or
rounded upper back -Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine, causing asymmetry of the thoracic cage
-Flail Chest: a segment of the rib cage breaks and becomes detached from the rest of the thoracic
cage. -Intercostal Retractions: The skin between the ribs moves inward during inspira-tion.
Question:
4. Tachypnea
Answer:
rapid breathing
Question:
5. What is the cause of tachypnea?
Answer:
-Fever: The body increases the respiratory rate to get rid of excess heat. -Anxiety or fear: Emotional
states can lead to increased breathing. -Pain: Pain, especially in the chest or abdomen, may cause
shallow, rapid breath-ing. -Respiratory conditions: Conditions like pneumonia, pulmonary embolism,
or pleuritis can cause tachypnea. -Acidosis: In metabolic acidosis (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis), the
body compen-sates by increasing respiratory rate to blow off carbon dioxide.
, Question:
6. Hyperventilation
Answer:
the condition of taking abnormally fast, deep breaths
Question:
7. What is the cause of hyperventila-tion?
Answer:
-Anxiety or panic attacks: Emotional distress is a common trigger. -Hypoxia: The body increases
breathing in response to low oxygen levels (e.g., in high altitude or severe anemia). -Metabolic
acidosis: In conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis, the body tries to compensate by increasing the rate
and depth of breathing (Kussmaul respirations are a form of hyperventilation). -Brain injury: Damage
to the brainstem can cause abnormal respiratory patterns, including hyperventilation.
Question:
8. Biot's respira-tions
Answer:
Rapid and deep respirations followed by 10 to 30 seconds of apnea
Question:
9. What is the cause of Biot's respira-tions?
Answer:
-Central nervous system (CNS) disorders: This pattern is often associated with damage to the medulla
from conditions like head trauma, brainstem stroke, or increased intracranial pressure. -Meningitis or
encephalitis: Infections affecting the CNS can result in this abnormal breathing pattern
Question:
10. Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Answer:
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum
level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
Question:
11. What is the cause of Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
Answer:
-Congestive heart failure (CHF): The poor circulation seen in CHF affects the brain's respiratory
centers, leading to this breathing pattern. -Increased intracranial pressure: This pattern can develop
when pressure on the brainstem interferes with respiratory control. -Drug overdose: Certain drugs
(especially sedatives or narcotics) can affect respi-ratory control in the brain. -Stroke or brain injury:
Damage to brain regions involved in respiration can result in Cheyne-Stokes breathing. -End-of-life
breathing: This pattern is sometimes observed in critically ill or dying patients as part of the "agonal
breathing" phase.
Question:
12. Normal BP range
