questions and answers for health psychology Nolen_Hoeksema Test Bank

Chapter 15 Health Psychology 1. When the fight-or-flight response is caused by an immediate stressor, the response is useful and then subsides. This adaptation is called: A. hemostasis. B. allostasis. C. homeostasis. D. modulation. Page: 427 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 2. Because of _____, the body learns how to react more efficiently to stress when it comes and goes, is not severe, and does not persist for long periods of time. A. allostasis B. modulation C. homeostasis D. hemostasis Page: 427 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 3. When a stressor is chronic and a person or animal cannot fight it or flee from it, then the chronic physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging to the body. What is this condition known as? A. Atherosclerosis B. Narcolepsy C. Allostatic load D. Degeneration Page: 427 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 4. Who is credited with discovering that there is a physiological basis for the ancient theory that laughter is good medicine? A. Norman Cousins B. John Watson C. Erik Erikson D. Sigmund Freud Page: 428 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Health Psychology 5. Health psychology is also referred to as: A. salutary medicine. B. developmental psychology. C. behavioral medicine. D. clinical psychology. Page: 428 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. 15-1Topic: Health Psychology 6. Which of the following is the social/environmental factor most often studied by health psychologists? A. Genetics B. Smoking C. Exercise D. Stress Page: 428 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Health Psychology 7. Which of the following was one of the top five leading causes of death in the early part of the twentieth century? A. HIV B. Tuberculosis C. Cancer D. Chronic lower respiratory diseases Page: 429 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Health Psychology 8. Which of the following is one of the top five leading causes of death in the twenty-first century? A. Influenza B. Tuberculosis C. Pneumonia D. Cancer Page: 429 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Health Psychology 9. According to studies, which of the following is generally true of pessimistic people? A. They see negative events as having narrow consequences. B. They see negative events as their fault. C. They are healthier than optimistic people. D. They have healthier immune system than optimistic people. Page: 430 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Pessimism 10. _____ involves denying that you are ill or are facing other obvious stresses. A. Flight response B. Denial coping C. Relaxation response D. Avoidance coping Page: 430 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 11. Avoidance coping has been linked to: A. compromised recovery of function following surgical procedures. 15-2B. greater adherence to medical regimes. C. improved health in HIV-positive individuals. D. less risky behaviors in HIV-positive intravenous drug users. Page: 430 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 12. Which of the following is a positive coping strategy? A. Avoidance coping B. Highlighting trivial issues C. Suppressing negative emotions D. Seeking social support Page: 431 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 13. In the context of gender differences in coping with stress, which of the following comparisons is correct? A. Women are less likely than men to seek support from others in times of stress. B. Women tend to have larger social networks than men, including friends and extended family members. C. Women are less likely than men to share personal issues and concerns with friends and family members. D. Women have less opportunity than men to benefit from the positive health effects of social support. Page: 431 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 14. In the context of gender responses to stress, which of the following observations is true? A. Men are more emotionally, cognitively, and physiologically reactive than women to marital conflict. B. Men are more emotionally attuned to their partners and more conscious of conflict in their relationships. C. Women are more physiologically reactive than men to marital conflict. D. Women can benefit physiologically from being in a close relationship, even if that relationship is a negative one. Page: 432 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 15. Why do people from Asian cultures tend to be more reluctant than European Americans to reach out to others for social support or to express their personal concerns? A. They are concerned about potential harm to their relationships if they do so. B. These cultures are more collectivistic in nature. C. These cultures tend to look down upon those individuals who cannot manage their own affairs efficiently. D. They are concerned that others will no longer confide in them. Page: 432 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 16. Studies of Asians and Asian Americans find that they derive more emotional and physiological benefit from their social network by: A. explicitly asking others for support. B. revealing their personal concerns to other members of the network. C. using more implicit forms of seeking social support. D. solving problems experienced by other members of the network. 15-3Page: 432 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 17. Compared to Asians and Asian Americans, European Americans benefit more from: A. implicit forms of seeking social support. B. avoiding any form of social support. C. explicit forms of seeking social support. D. being less vocal about their personal concerns. Page: 432 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 18. _____ is a personality trait characterized by hyperreactivity to stress and poor coping skills. A. Extraversion B. Neuroticism C. Psychoticism D. Introversion Page: 433 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 19. The _____ defends against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. A. circulatory system B. endocrine system C. nervous system D. immune system Page: 433 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 20. What are the two branches of the human immune system? A. The innate immune system and the specific immune system B. The intrinsic immune system and the extrinsic immune system C. The native immune system and the acquired immune system D. The benign immune system and the pathological immune system Page: 433 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 21. The _____ immune system reacts quickly and nonspecifically to any microorganism or toxin that enters the body. A. extrinsic B. specific C. innate D. native Page: 433 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember 15-4Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 22. Which of the following observations is true of the immune system? A. The innate immune system is slower to respond than the specific immune system. B. The response of the specific immune system is tailored to the particular type of pathogen present. C. The innate immune system remembers a pathogen so that if it attacks again the system is able to kill it more quickly and efficiently. D. The reaction of the innate immune system is specifically to the microorganism that enters the body. Page: 433 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 23. Which is the most common disease in which the immune system plays a role? A. Malaria B. Cancer C. Common cold D. Viral fever Page: 434 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 24. Which of the following is a valid research finding? A. The functioning of the immune system is not affected by negative interpersonal events. B. The partner who has more control over a divorce shows poorer immune system functioning than the other partner. C. Married control subjects show poorer immune system functioning than men and women who have recently been divorced. D. Married couples who argue more show poorer immunological functioning than other married couples. Page: 434 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 25. Which of the following has been observed to improve the health of cancer patients? A. Reduced stress levels B. Avoidance of social support C. Reduced quality of life D. Increased levels of pessimism Page: 435 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 26. _____ appear to suppress the virus in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to slow the development of AIDS. A. Antidepressants B. Benzodiazepines C. Antiretroviral drugs D. Antihistamines Page: 435 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 27. A myocardial infarction is commonly known as a: 15-5A. malignant tumor. B. heart attack. C. psychological disorder. D. circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 28. Which of the following occurs when the blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed by the gradual buildup of a hard, fatty substance called plaque and inflammation of the vessel walls, blocking the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart? A. Cardiomyopathy B. Inflammatory heart disease C. Valvular heart disease D. Coronary heart disease (CHD) Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 29. What is the process in which the blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed by the gradual buildup of a hard, fatty substance called plaque and inflammation of the vessel walls? A. Allostasis B. Hypertension C. Myocardial infarction D. Atherosclerosis Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 30. The blockage of vessels that supply blood to the heart can lead to pain, called _____ that radiates across the chest and arm. A. angina pectoris B. angina ludovici C. angina bullosa D. herpangina Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 31. Since 1990, more people have died from _____ than from any other cause. A. cancer B. tuberculosis C. AIDS D. coronary heart disease (CHD) Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 32. In the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for _____ percent of all deaths. A. 62 B. 47 15-6C. 35 D. 20 Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 33. Which of the following statements about coronary heart disease (CHD) is true? A. Women are more prone to CHD than are men. B. CHD is the leading cause of death among men and women. C. People with family histories of CHD are at increased risk for the disease. D. There is no relation between a stressful environment and CHD. Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 34. People in high-stress jobs are at increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), particularly if their jobs are: A. highly demanding but provide them little control. B. high paying but less glamorous. C. rarely appreciated by others in society. D. low paying but meaningful. Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 35. _____ is a condition in which blood flows through vessels with excessive force, putting pressure on vessel walls. A. Low blood pressure B. Atherosclerosis C. Hypertension D. Angina pectoris Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 36. _____ can be caused by blood being pushed with too much force by the heart through vessels or by constriction of the vessel walls. A. Hypertension B. Pericarditis C. Aortic aneurysm D. Hypotension Page: 437 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 37. Ninety percent of hypertension cases in the United States can be classified as essential hypertension, meaning that the: A. condition was bound to appear. B. condition can be traced to genetics. C. condition was dormant. D. causes are unknown. Page: 438 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15-7APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune sys Topic: Diseases 38. The personality factor traditionally linked to coronary heart disease (CHD) is the _____ behavior pattern. A. Type A B. Type X C. Type B D. Type Y Page: 438 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Type A Personality 39. All of the following are components of the Type A pattern as originally formulated, EXCEPT: A. a sense of time urgency. B. easily aroused hostility. C. predictability of reactions. D. competitive striving for achievement. Page: 438 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Type A Personality 40. Which of the following is true of Type A people? A. They are usually relaxed. B. They rarely set deadlines for themselves. C. They rarely attempt to do multiple things at once. D. They often fly into a rage with little provocation. Page: 438 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Type A Personality 41. Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of a Type A behavior pattern? A. A sense of time urgency B. Easily aroused hostility C. Predictability of reactions D. Striving for achievement Page: 438 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Type A Personality 42. Which of the following is one factor that may explain how hostility can lead to coronary heart disease? A. Over-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system B. Lowering of blood pressure to dangerously low levels C. Reduced secretion of stress-related biochemicals D. Increased resilience of blood vessels Page: 439 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Type A Personality 15-843. Hostile people have greater secretion of the stress-related biochemicals known as: A. cytokines. B. autocrines. C. somatostatin. D. catecholamines. Page: 439 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Type A Personality 44. Which of the following may cause frequent changes in blood pressure, reducing the resilience of the blood vessels in hostile people? A. The abrupt return to baseline levels of sympathetic nervous system activity following stressors B. The frequent rise and fall of catecholamine levels C. Low levels of physiological arousal in the anticipation of stressors D. Under-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system Page: 439 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Type A Personality 45. Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease is true? A. Historically, far more men than women die of cardiovascular disease. B. In recent years, the number of women dying of cardiovascular disease has decreased worldwide. C. In recent years, the number of men dying of cardiovascular disease has increased worldwide. D. Women are twice as likely as men to have the Type A personality pattern. Page: 439 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 46. Major depression occurs in _____ percent of hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). A. 50 to 60 B. 40 to 45 C. 35 to 40 D. 15 to 20 Page: 440 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 47. Both depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) are linked to genes that alter the functioning of the: A. cholinergic system. B. noradrenaline system. C. serotonin system. D. dopamine system. Page: 440 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 48. Which of the following is true of the link between depression and the risk of recurrent heart attacks and mortality in individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD)? A. Depression doubles the risk. 15-9B. Depression increases the risk eight-fold. C. Depression reduces the risk. D. There is no correlation between the two. Page: 440 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 49. Which of the following statements about coronary heart disease (CHD) is true? A. Attempts to reduce depression in CHD patients through the use of antidepressants have been highly successful. B. Heart rate variability is not a risk factor for CHD. C. Exercise is effective in reducing both CHD and depression. D. Increased heart rate variability is an indication of poorer functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Page: 440 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 50. _____ provide people with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and with opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations. A. Focus groups B. Guided mastery techniques C. Online interventions D. Scenario management methods Page: 440 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of psychological interventions in helping people deal with diseases. Topic: Health Psychology 51. The goals of guided mastery techniques are to increase people's skills as well as their: A. self-efficacy beliefs. B. self-esteem needs. C. social needs. D. social learning beliefs. Page: 440 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of psychological interventions in helping people deal with diseases. Topic: Health Psychology 52. Individuals' beliefs that they can engage in behaviors to attain goals are known as: A. achievement beliefs. B. self-actualization beliefs. C. social beliefs. D. self-efficacy beliefs. Page: 440 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of psychological interventions in helping people deal with diseases. Topic: Health Psychology 53. A strong cultural value in many Hispanic groups is _____, or prioritizing the respect and care of one's family over one's individual needs. A. brotherhood B. familism C. patriarchy D. camaraderie 15-10Page: 441 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of psychological interventions in helping people deal with diseases. Topic: Health Psychology 54. Which of the following is true of Internet-based health interventions? A. They are not helpful for those who do not have access to in-person programs. B. Though the Internet helps deliver exercise and nutrition programs to large segments of the population, the costs associated with it are often prohibitive. C. Controlled studies of the effectiveness of these interventions show that they are ineffective in helping people change their behaviors. D. Many behavioral interventions of this nature aim to help people increase their exercise and improve their diet. Page: 441 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Evaluate the role of psychological interventions in helping people deal with diseases. Topic: Health Psychology 55. People who sleep fewer than six hours each night have a _____ percent higher mortality rate than those who sleep at least seven or eight hours each night A. 20 B. 30 C. 50 D. 70 Page: 442 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 56. Which of the following is true of sleep deprivation? A. It is a problem that is declining in intensity in the United States. B. It is defined as sleeping nine hours or less per day. C. Over half of Americans say they chronically feel sleep deprived. D. Middle-aged adults who sleep less show less development of heart disease over time. Page: 442 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Deprivation 57. Which of the following is true of the effects of sleep deprivation? A. It is cumulative in nature. B. It is possible for the body to develop tolerance to reduced sleep in a short span of time. C. It is much more pronounced in men than women. D. It reduces stress levels. Page: 443 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Deprivation 58. Analysis of brain-wave activity suggests that there are five stages of sleep: four differing depths of sleep and a fifth stage, known as: A. delta stage. B. spindle sleep. C. rapid eye movement. D. slumber. Page: 443 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15-11APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 59. When a person closes his or her eyes and relaxes, the brain waves characteristically show a regular pattern of 8 to 12 hertz (cycles per second). These waves are known as: A. spindles. B. gamma waves. C. delta waves. D. alpha waves. Page: 443 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 60. Which of the following occurs in the first stage of sleep? A. Short runs of rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 hertz B. An occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG C. Less regular and lower amplitude brain waves D. A pattern of slow waves of 1 to 2 hertz Page: 443 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 61. The second stage of sleep includes _____ or short runs of rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 hertz. A. rapid eye movement (REM) B. spindles C. delta waves D. gamma waves Page: 443 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 62. Which of the following refers to the second stage of sleep that is characterized by an occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG? A. K-complex B. Wave volatility C. B-complex D. Rapid eye movement (REM) Page: 443 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 63. Which of the following occurs in the third and fourth stages of sleep? A. Short runs of rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 hertz B. An occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG C. Brain waves that are less regular and have lower amplitude D. A pattern of slow waves of 1 to 2 hertz Page: 443 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate 15-12Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 64. After an adult has been asleep for an hour or so, the EEG becomes very active. This stage is known as: A. non-rapid eye movement (NREM). B. spindle. C. rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. D. slumber. Page: 443 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 65. Dreaming occurs during the: A. first stage of sleep. B. rapid eye movement sleep. C. second stage of sleep. D. third and fourth stages of sleep. Page: 444 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 66. Which of the following age groups spend the maximum sleeping time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep? A. Newborn infants B. Teens C. Middle-aged adults D. Older people Page: 444 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 67. Which of the following age groups spend the least amount sleeping time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep? A. Newborn infants B. Teens C. Young adults D. Older people Page: 444 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 68. A comprehensive assessment of how people sleep can be obtained by a _____. A. polysomnographic evaluation B. polygraph test C. perceptual map D. psychodynamic technique Page: 444 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 69. An assessment of how people sleep can be obtained using a wristwatch-like device called a(n) _____, which records movement. A. polysomnograph 15-13B. somnograph C. actigraph D. polygraph Page: 444 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 70. _____ is defined as difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep that lasts only a few days and is an isolated occurrence. A. Episodic insomnia B. Primary insomnia C. Primary hypersomnia D. Periodic insomnia Page: 444 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 71. An individual who has insomnia at least three nights per week for at least three months and who experiences significant distress or impairment in functioning due to the sleep disturbance is likely to be diagnosed with _____. A. primary insomnia B. primary hypersomnia C. insomnia disorder D. secondary hypersomnia Page: 444 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 72. Which of the following observations about chronic insomnia is true? A. Chronic insomnia affects 45 to 50 percent of adults. B. Chronic insomnia is more frequent in women than in men. C. Chronic insomnia is more common in younger adults than in older adults. D. Chronic insomnia is rarely related to other mental disorders. Page: 444 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 73. When we fall asleep and when we awaken are strongly influenced by our biological rhythms, particularly our: A. retinal circadian rhythms. B. neurotransmitter levels. C. respiratory rhythms. D. body temperature rhythms. Page: 444 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 74. Which of the following refers to a sleep-wake disorder that may occur along with insomnia? A. Parasomnia B. Dyssomnia C. Hypersomnia D. Hypoinsomnia 15-14Page: 445 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 75. According to Harvey (2008), _____ primarily maintain insomnia. A. stressors B. medications C. cognitive factors D. behavioral factors Page: 445 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 76. The behavioral component of cognitive-behavioral interventions for insomnia includes _____, which is, controlling conditions that might interfere with sleep. A. response modification B. environment modification C. reinforcement D. stimulus control Page: 446 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 77. _____ therapy involves initially limiting the amount of time insomniacs can try to sleep in the night. A. Guided mastery B. Sleep restriction C. Pharmacological D. Delta-sleep-inducing Page: 446 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 78. Which of the following medications have the least clear benefit in the treatment of insomnia? A. Antihistamines B. Antidepressants C. Benzodiazepines D. Melatonin Page: 446 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 79. Which of the following has proven to be most reliably effective in the treatment of insomnia? A. Antihistamine B. Tryptophan C. Delta-sleep-inducing peptide D. Zolpidem Page: 446 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains. 15-15Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 80. Which of the following sleep disorders is characterized by excessive quantities of sleep? A. Primary insomnia B. Central sleep apnea C. Nightmare disorder D. Hypersomnia Page: 446 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 81. Hypersomnulence could be best understood as the opposite of: A. sleepwalking disorder. B. circadian rhythm sleep disorder. C. insomnia. D. narcolepsy. Page: 452 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 82. Raymond usually sleeps 12 hours a night but still wakes up feeling sleepy. He falls asleep during team meetings in his office and often while working at his desk. This has been going on for months now and is jeopardizing his career. Which of the following conditions is Raymond probably suffering from? A. Sleepwalking disorder B. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder C. Primary insomnia D. Hypersomnulence Page: 446 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Apply Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 83. Which of the following sleep disorders involves recurrent attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep, lapses into sleep, or naps occurring within the same day? A. Primary insomnia B. Narcolepsy C. Nightmare disorder D. Primary hypersomnia Page: 446 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 84. What do most people with narcolepsy experience in addition to sleepiness? A. Cataplexy B. Substance abuse disorder C. Nervous breakdown D. Primary insomnia Page: 446–447 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy 15-16Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 85. _____ is characterized by episodes of sudden loss of muscle tone, lasting under two minutes. A. Hypersomnia B. Somnambulism C. Cataplexy D. Insomnia Page: 446–447 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 86. When people with narcolepsy waken, they may experience brief periods when they can't move or speak, referred to as: A. sleep apnea. B. sleep paralysis. C. cataplexy. D. sleep walking. Page: 447 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 87. Studies show that individuals with narcolepsy lack cells in the hypothalamus that secrete a neurotransmitter _____, which promotes wakefulness. A. glycine B. dynorphin C. hypocretin D. acetylcholine Page: 447 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 88. _____ occurs when the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the respiratory system while sleeping. A. Sleep-related hypoventilation B. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome C. Breathing-related sleep disorder D. Central sleep apnea Page: 447 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 89. Which of the following is characterized by episodes of decreased breathing associated with high carbon dioxide levels? A. Sleep-related hypoventilation B. Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome C. Restless leg syndrome D. Central sleep apnea Page: 447 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 90. Which of the following is characterized by sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia that is due to a sleep-related breathing conditions, such as apnea? 15-17A. Respiratory rhythm disorder B. Narcolepsy C. Breathing-related sleep disorder D. Primary hypersomnia Page: 447 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 91. People with _____ experience complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time yet do not have frequent awakenings and do not tend to feel tired during the day. A. central sleep apnea B. circadian rhythm sleep disorder C. restless legs syndrome D. insomnia Page: 447 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 92. When does central sleep apnea typically occur? A. When biological rhythms, especially core body temperature, are disrupted B. When airflow is stopped due to a narrow airway or an obstruction in the airway C. When histamine levels drop below a certain threshold D. When the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the respiratory system Page: 447 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 93. Which of the following involves repeated episodes of upper-airway blockage during sleep? A. Central sleep apnea B. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder C. Insomnia D. Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome Page: 448 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 94. When does obstructive sleep apnea typically occur? A. When there is a strong emotional trigger, such as anger or surprise B. When airflow is stopped due to a narrow airway or an obstruction in the airway C. When histamine levels drop below a certain threshold D. When the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the respiratory system Page: 448 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 95. Which of the following is a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder that involves a persistent pattern of late sleep onset and late awakenings, and an inability to go to sleep or wake up earlier at a desired or conventionally acceptable time? A. Advanced sleep phase type B. Shift work type 15-18C. Delayed sleep phase type D. Interrupted sleep phase type Page: 449 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Circadian Rhythm Topic: Sleep Disorders 96. _____ circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder is caused by working rotating shifts or irregular hours. A. Irregular sleep-wake type B. Non-24-hour type C. Shift work type D. Advanced sleep phase Page: 450 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Circadian Rhythm Topic: Sleep Disorders 97. Which type of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder involves a persistent pattern of sleep onset and awakenings that are 2 or more hours earlier than desired? A. Irregular sleep-wake type B. Non-24-hour type C. Shift work type D. Advanced sleep phase type Page: 449–450 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Circadian Rhythm Topic: Sleep Disorders 98. People with _____ of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder have sleep that tends to be fragmented into at least three periods per 24 hours; they may have insomnia during the night but be very sleepy during periods of the day. A. irregular sleep-wake type B. non-24-hour type C. shift work type D. advanced sleep phase Page: 450 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Circadian Rhythm Topic: Sleep Disorders 99. Administering _____ at prescribed times during the day has been shown to enhance shifts of circadian rhythms in individuals with delayed sleep phase type, jet lag type, and shift work type circadian rhythm disorder. A. acetylcholine B. endorphin C. melatonin D. serotonin Page: 450 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Circadian Rhythm Topic: Sleep Disorders 15-19100. Which of the following is true of sleep terror disorder? A. It results in memorable dreams. B. It is the same as nightmare disorders. C. It occurs during REM sleep. D. It occurs most often in children. Page: 450 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 101. Which of the following is true of sleepwalking as a disorder of arousal? A. It is most common among adults. B. It occurs during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. C. The person sleepwalking is acting out a dream. D. It is dangerous to wake up a person experiencing this condition. Page: 450 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 102. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors belong to a general category called: A. non-rapid eye movement (NREM) disorders. B. amnesic disorders. C. disorders of arousal. D. rapid eye movement (REM) parasomnias. Page: 450 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 103. According to research, which of the following statements about nightmares is typically true? A. Nightmares are more common in men than in women. B. Nightmares are more common in women than in men. C. Nightmares are more common in adults than in children. D. Nightmares are more common in children than in adults. Page: 452 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 104. Approximately _____ percent of the population has symptoms warranting a diagnosis of restless legs syndrome (RLS). A. 1 to 2 B. 2 to 3 C. 10 to 11 D. 15 to 20 Page: 452 Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 105. Describe the different components of the biopsychosocial approach to physical health. Provide examples. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ Biological factors (genetic makeup, age, and gender) 15-20▪ Social or environmental factors (stress, cultural norms) ▪ Psychological factors (behaviors affecting health, treatment seeking, compliance with doctors' orders) Page: 428–429 APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Health Psychology 106. Identify the different ways in which people cope with illness and other stressful life circumstances. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ Avoidance coping—denying that you are ill or are facing other obvious stresses ▪ Talking about negative emotions and important issues in one's life ▪ Seeking social support Page: 430–431 APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the psychological factors related to health. Topic: Coping 107. What are the two branches of the human immune system? Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ The immune system is divided into two branches, the innate immune system and the specific immune system. ▪ The innate system reacts quickly and nonspecifically to any microorganism or toxin that enters the body, releasing cells that kill and ingest the invaders. ▪ The specific immune system is slower to respond, but its response is tailored to the particular type of pathogen present, remembers the pathogen so that if it attacks again the system is able to kill it more quickly and efficiently. Page: 433–434 APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Immune System 108. How does coronary heart disease (CHD) occur? How is it related to stress? Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ CHD occurs when the blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed by the gradual buildup of a hard, fatty substance called plaque and inflammation of the vessel walls, blocking the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart. This process is known as atherosclerosis. The blockage of vessels can lead to pain, called angina pectoris, which radiates across the chest and arm. When oxygen to the heart is completely blocked a myocardial infarction (heart attack) can result. ▪ People who live in a chronically stressful environment over which they have little control appear to be at increased risk for CHD. ▪ People in high-stress jobs are at increased risk for CHD, particularly if their jobs are highly demanding but provide them little control. ▪ Experimental studies with animals have shown that disruption of the social environment can induce pathology that resembles coronary artery disease. Page: 437–438 APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 109. What are the three components of a Type A behavior pattern as it was originally formulated? How is it related to coronary heart disease (CHD)? Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ Type A behavior pattern—a sense of time urgency, easily aroused hostility, and competitive striving for achievement ▪ Studies have linked Type A behavior to heart disease in both men and women ▪ Type A behavior is also correlated with the severity of coronary artery blockage as determined by autopsy or in X-ray studies ▪ The crucial variable in predicting coronary heart disease may be hostility, particularly a cynical form of hostility characterized by suspiciousness, resentment, frequent anger, antagonism, and distrust of others ▪ Hostility leading to CHD—over-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system plays a key role Page: 438–439 APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15-21Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 110. Discuss the cognitive and behavioral techniques used to improve cardiovascular health by reducing Type A behavior. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ One treatment teaches people to overcome their sense of time urgency by practicing standing in line (which Type A individuals find irritating) and using the opportunity to reflect, to watch people, or to strike up a conversation with a stranger. ▪ Cognitive techniques helped participants reevaluate certain beliefs (such as the notion that success depends on the quantity of work produced) that might lead to urgent and hostile behavior. ▪ Also, participants found ways to make their home and work environments less stressful, such as by reducing unnecessary social engagements. Page: 439–440 APA Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. Topic: Diseases 111. What are the different stages of sleep? Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ When a person closes his or her eyes and relaxes, the brain waves characteristically show a regular pattern of 8 to 12 hertz (cycles per second); these are known as alpha waves ▪ As the individual drifts into Stage 1 sleep, the brain waves become less regular and have lower amplitude ▪ Stage 2 includes spindles—short runs of rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 hertz—and an occasional sharp rise and fall in the amplitude of the entire EEG (referred to as a K-complex) ▪ The still deeper Stage 3 and Stage 4 are characterized by slow waves of 1 to 2 hertz, known as delta waves ▪ After an adult has been asleep for an hour or so, REM sleep occurs, characterized by pronounced rapid eye movements; dreams occur during REM sleep ▪ The first four stages of sleep are known as non-REM (or NREM) sleep Page: 443–444 APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep 112. What are sleep disorders? Define the different categories of sleep disorders. List the disorders within each category. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ Sleep disorders involve abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep ▪ Insomnia disorder—difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or experiencing nonrestorative sleep ▪ Hypersomnulence disorders—excessive sleepiness, as evidenced by either prolonged sleep episodes or daytime sleep episodes that occur almost daily. Examples include hypersomnia and narcolepsy ▪ Narcolepsy—irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep that occur daily over at least three months plus either sudden loss of muscle tone or recurrent intrusions of elements of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep ▪ Breathing-related sleep disorders—sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia that is due to a sleep-related breathing condition, such as apnea. Examples include central sleep apnea, sleep-related hypoventilation, and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea ▪ Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders—sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia that is due to a mismatch between the sleepwake schedule required by a person's environment and his or her circadian sleep-wake pattern. Examples include delayed sleep phase type, advanced sleep phase type, irregular sleep-wake type, non-24-hour type, shift work type Page: 444–450 APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 113. What are disorders of arousal? Define the different disorders of arousal. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ Disorders of arousal involve recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep that seem to mix elements of wakefulness and NREM sleep Nightmare disorder—repeated awakenings with detailed recall of extended and extremely frightening dreams, usually involving threats to survival, security, or self-esteem; on awakening, the person is alert and oriented ▪ Sleep terror disorder—repeated, abrupt awakenings beginning with a panicky scream; intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal; relative unresponsiveness to the efforts of others to comfort or wake the person; no detailed dream is recalled, and there is amnesia for the episode 15-22▪ Sleepwalking disorder—repeated episodes of rising from the bed during sleep and walking about; while sleepwalking, the person has a blank, staring face, is relatively unresponsive to others, and can be awakened only with great difficulty; on awakening, the person has amnesia for the episode; within several minutes after awakening, there is no impairment of mental activity or behavior, although there may initially be a short period of confusion and disorientation. ▪ Confusion arousals—episodes of incomplete awakening during NREM sleep that do not involve sleep terrors or sleepwalking. These episodes are relatively common in adults. Page: 450–451 APA Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Describe the relationship between sleep and health. Topic: Sleep Disorders 114. Explain restless legs syndrome (RLS) and its diagnostic criteria under the DSM-5. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses: ▪ RLS is characterized by creeping, crawling, tingling, itching sensations in the legs that are prominent enough to keep one awake. One feels as tho