NUR 376 Patho Final
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
Immunodeficiency .
Answer: Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign
invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Question 2.
Immunocompetence .
Answer: refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from infectious
agents due to a strong immune system.
Question 3.
Immunosuppression .
Answer: indicates that there is a defective immune system that is putting the
pt at risk for infection.
Question 4.
Opportunistic Infection .
Answer: an infection that was caused by a microorganism that flourished
because of its host's deficient immune system.
Question 5.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection .
Answer: when a pt's infection is caused by microorganisms that originated
within the clinical environment. Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant
bacteria
Question 6.
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity .
Answer: allergic reaction
Question 7.
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity .
Answer: mediated by Igs that target antigen on cells and cause cell
destruction. Incomplete blood transfusion
,Question 8.
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity .
Answer: antigen combines with Ig within circulation and complexes are then
deposited into tissues. SLE, autoimmune disorders
Question 9.
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity .
Answer: initiated by T-cells that have previous exposure to antigen Dermatitis
from exposure to poison ivy
Question 10.
Key lab values in Infections .
Answer: WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs /
elevation = bacterial infection Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation =
viral infection Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections,
autoimmune disease
Question 11.
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? .
Answer: You would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which
provides info about the % of different types of white blood cells. An increase
in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a bacterial
infection. An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be
indicative of inflammation / autoimmune disease.
Question 12.
Hypervolemia .
Answer: Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic pressure
causing edema Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure,
or liver failure.
Question 13.
Hypernatremia .
Answer: High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content (more salt),
in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
, Question 14.
Osmotic pressure .
Answer: The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water to shift
from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Question 15.
Polyuria .
Answer: excess urine being excreted. This continues until fluid is replenished
appropriately (Part of hypernatremia)
Question 16.
Hypovolemia .
Answer: Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating blood
volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Question 17.
Hydrostatic pressure .
Answer: the force exerted by the blood confined within the blood vessels or
heart chamber.
Question 18.
Isotonic .
Answer: No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal
osmotic pressure. No "tug of war". Example- Human blood. Caution: Too much
isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke. Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride
(NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA,
HHNS(risk for type 2 diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Question 19.
Hypertonic .
Answer: HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick, very salty,
more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell. Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
Use for- hypovolemia, heat related, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis*(draw fluid
out of the body)- Need to give slowly Ex: 3% sodium chloride, 5% sodium
chloride, 10% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride, 5%
dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in lactated ringer's (Memory
trick-very little fluid inside the cell= very little numbers before the words)
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
Immunodeficiency .
Answer: Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign
invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Question 2.
Immunocompetence .
Answer: refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from infectious
agents due to a strong immune system.
Question 3.
Immunosuppression .
Answer: indicates that there is a defective immune system that is putting the
pt at risk for infection.
Question 4.
Opportunistic Infection .
Answer: an infection that was caused by a microorganism that flourished
because of its host's deficient immune system.
Question 5.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection .
Answer: when a pt's infection is caused by microorganisms that originated
within the clinical environment. Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant
bacteria
Question 6.
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity .
Answer: allergic reaction
Question 7.
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity .
Answer: mediated by Igs that target antigen on cells and cause cell
destruction. Incomplete blood transfusion
,Question 8.
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity .
Answer: antigen combines with Ig within circulation and complexes are then
deposited into tissues. SLE, autoimmune disorders
Question 9.
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity .
Answer: initiated by T-cells that have previous exposure to antigen Dermatitis
from exposure to poison ivy
Question 10.
Key lab values in Infections .
Answer: WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs /
elevation = bacterial infection Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation =
viral infection Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections,
autoimmune disease
Question 11.
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? .
Answer: You would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which
provides info about the % of different types of white blood cells. An increase
in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a bacterial
infection. An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be
indicative of inflammation / autoimmune disease.
Question 12.
Hypervolemia .
Answer: Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic pressure
causing edema Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure,
or liver failure.
Question 13.
Hypernatremia .
Answer: High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content (more salt),
in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
, Question 14.
Osmotic pressure .
Answer: The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water to shift
from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Question 15.
Polyuria .
Answer: excess urine being excreted. This continues until fluid is replenished
appropriately (Part of hypernatremia)
Question 16.
Hypovolemia .
Answer: Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating blood
volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Question 17.
Hydrostatic pressure .
Answer: the force exerted by the blood confined within the blood vessels or
heart chamber.
Question 18.
Isotonic .
Answer: No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal
osmotic pressure. No "tug of war". Example- Human blood. Caution: Too much
isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke. Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride
(NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA,
HHNS(risk for type 2 diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Question 19.
Hypertonic .
Answer: HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick, very salty,
more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell. Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
Use for- hypovolemia, heat related, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis*(draw fluid
out of the body)- Need to give slowly Ex: 3% sodium chloride, 5% sodium
chloride, 10% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride, 5%
dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in lactated ringer's (Memory
trick-very little fluid inside the cell= very little numbers before the words)
