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AMChapter 11 Anatomy Concepts
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(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUE
Concepts of the Ner
Chapter 11: Anatomy Concepts (Nervous System 2)
1. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
2. The meninges (sing., meninx) are three connective tissue membranes: dura mater,
arachnoid mater, and pia mater (fig. 11.1b).
3. CFS is formed in four interconnected cavities called ventricles that lie in the cerebral
hemispheres and brainstem (fig. 11.3 and reference plates 13 and 14). These spaces are
filled with CSF and are continuous within the central canal of the spinal cord, which
extends the full length of the cord (although in most adults it is at least partially closed).
4. The brain contains neural centers associated with sensory functions and is responsible
for sensations and perceptions. It issues motor commands to skeletal muscles and
carries on higher mental functions, such as memory and reasoning. The brain also
contains neural centers and pathways that coordinate muscular movements, and others
that regulate visceral activities. In addition to overseeing the function of the entire body,
the brain is responsible for characteristics such as personality.
5. Together, the midbrain, ponds, and medulla oblongata comprise the brainstem, which
attaches the brain to the spinal cord.
6. The cerebrum, which develops from the anterior portion of the forebrain, is the largest
part of the mature brain.
7. The cerebral cortex provides higher brain functions: interpreting impulses from sense
organs, initiating voluntary muscular movements, storing information as memory, and
retrieving this information in reasoning. The cerebral cortex is also the part of the brain
responsible for intelligence and personality.
8. Researchers have divided the cerebral cortex into sensory, associating, and motor areas
that overlap somewhat. Each of these areas is a collection of neurons that work
together to provide a particular brain function.
9. Sensory areas in several lobes of the cerebrum receive and interpret impulses from
sensory receptors, producing feelings or sensations. For example, the sensations of
temperature, touch, pressure, and pain in the skin arise in the post central gyri of the
parietal lobes (somatosensory cortex) posterior to the central sulcus.
10. Sensory fibers from the PNS cross over in the spinal cord or the brainstem. Thus, the
centers in the right central hemisphere interpret impulses originating from the left side
of the body, and vice versa. However, the sensory areas concerned with vision receive
m
1 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
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(CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN 11 Anatomy Concepts of the Nervous System
11 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf
Concepts of the Ner
, lOMoARcPSD|64109549
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1 Anatomy
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10/6/2026,
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AMChapter 11 Anatomy Concepts
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of the Nervous
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(CNS)_removed.pdf
(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUE
Concepts of the Ner
impulses from both eyes, and those concerned with hearing receive impulses from both
ears.
11. Association areas are neither primarily sensory nor motor. They connect with each other
and with other brain structures. Association areas occupy the anterior portions of the
frontal lobes and are widespread in the lateral portions of the parietal, temporal, and
occipital lobes. Association areas analyze and interpret sensory experiences and help
provide memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement, and emotions (fig. 11.8).
12. The primary motor areas (motor cortex) of the cerebral cortex lie in the precentral gyri
of the frontal lobes just in front of the central sulcus and in the anterior wall of this
sulcus (fig 11.8). The nervous tissue in these regions contains many large pyramidal
cells, named for their pyramid-shaped cell bodies.
13. Both cerebral hemispheres participate in basic functions, such as receiving and analyzing
sensory impulses, controlling skeletal muscles on opposite sides of the body, and storing
memory. However, one side usually acts as a dominant hemisphere for certain other
functions.
14. The basal nuclei, also called the basal ganglia, are masses of gray matter deep within
the cerebral hemispheres.
15. The diencephalon develops from the posterior forebrain and is located between the
cerebral hemispheres and superior to the brainstem (see figs. 11.6 and 11.10). It
surrounds the third ventricle and is largely composed of grey matter.
16. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons,
and medulla oblongata. These structures include many tracts of nerve fibers and masses
of gray matter called nuclei (see figs. 11.6,11.10, and 11.11).
17. (Figure 11.11) Brainstem. (a) Anterior view of the brainstem. (b) Posterior view of the
brainstem with the cerebellum removed, exposing the 4th ventricle.
18. Sleep is normal, recurring, and reversible state of unconsciousness characterized in part
by limited sensory input and inhibited skeletal muscle activity.
19. The cerebellum is a large mass of tissue inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata (fig. 11.13).
20. The spinal cord is slender column of nervous tissue that is continuous with the brain and
extends downward through the vertebral canal. The spinal cord originates where
nervous tissue leaves the cranial cavity at the level of the foramen magnum (see
reference plate 15). The cord tapers to a point and terminates near the intervertebral
disc that separates the first and second lumbar vertebrae (fig. 11.14).
m
1 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
Concepts of the Nervous System Downloaded by Aplus(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUEH*&E*&YE(E*E*(*EII&UChapter
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(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUEH*&E*&YE(E*E*(*EII&UChapter
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11 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf
Concepts of the Ner
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1 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
10/6/2026,
Concepts 4:12:24
of the Nervous
AM10/6/2026,
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(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUEH*&E*&YE(E*E*(*EII&UChapter
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Concepts of the Nervous System
11 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf
(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUE
Concepts of the Ner
Chapter 11: Anatomy Concepts (Nervous System 2)
1. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
2. The meninges (sing., meninx) are three connective tissue membranes: dura mater,
arachnoid mater, and pia mater (fig. 11.1b).
3. CFS is formed in four interconnected cavities called ventricles that lie in the cerebral
hemispheres and brainstem (fig. 11.3 and reference plates 13 and 14). These spaces are
filled with CSF and are continuous within the central canal of the spinal cord, which
extends the full length of the cord (although in most adults it is at least partially closed).
4. The brain contains neural centers associated with sensory functions and is responsible
for sensations and perceptions. It issues motor commands to skeletal muscles and
carries on higher mental functions, such as memory and reasoning. The brain also
contains neural centers and pathways that coordinate muscular movements, and others
that regulate visceral activities. In addition to overseeing the function of the entire body,
the brain is responsible for characteristics such as personality.
5. Together, the midbrain, ponds, and medulla oblongata comprise the brainstem, which
attaches the brain to the spinal cord.
6. The cerebrum, which develops from the anterior portion of the forebrain, is the largest
part of the mature brain.
7. The cerebral cortex provides higher brain functions: interpreting impulses from sense
organs, initiating voluntary muscular movements, storing information as memory, and
retrieving this information in reasoning. The cerebral cortex is also the part of the brain
responsible for intelligence and personality.
8. Researchers have divided the cerebral cortex into sensory, associating, and motor areas
that overlap somewhat. Each of these areas is a collection of neurons that work
together to provide a particular brain function.
9. Sensory areas in several lobes of the cerebrum receive and interpret impulses from
sensory receptors, producing feelings or sensations. For example, the sensations of
temperature, touch, pressure, and pain in the skin arise in the post central gyri of the
parietal lobes (somatosensory cortex) posterior to the central sulcus.
10. Sensory fibers from the PNS cross over in the spinal cord or the brainstem. Thus, the
centers in the right central hemisphere interpret impulses originating from the left side
of the body, and vice versa. However, the sensory areas concerned with vision receive
m
1 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
Concepts of the Nervous System Downloaded by Aplus(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUEH*&E*&YE(E*E*(*EII&UChapter
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(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUEH*&E*&YE(E*E*(*EII&UChapter
(CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN 11 Anatomy Concepts of the Nervous System
11 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf
Concepts of the Ner
, lOMoARcPSD|64109549
m
1 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
10/6/2026,
Concepts 4:12:24
of the Nervous
AM10/6/2026,
System
(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUEH*&E*&YE(E*E*(*EII&UChapter
4:05:22
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AMChapter 11 Anatomy Concepts
(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUEH*&E*&YE(E*E*(*EII&UChapter
of the Nervous
11 Anatomy
System (CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
Concepts of the Nervous System
11 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf
(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUE
Concepts of the Ner
impulses from both eyes, and those concerned with hearing receive impulses from both
ears.
11. Association areas are neither primarily sensory nor motor. They connect with each other
and with other brain structures. Association areas occupy the anterior portions of the
frontal lobes and are widespread in the lateral portions of the parietal, temporal, and
occipital lobes. Association areas analyze and interpret sensory experiences and help
provide memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement, and emotions (fig. 11.8).
12. The primary motor areas (motor cortex) of the cerebral cortex lie in the precentral gyri
of the frontal lobes just in front of the central sulcus and in the anterior wall of this
sulcus (fig 11.8). The nervous tissue in these regions contains many large pyramidal
cells, named for their pyramid-shaped cell bodies.
13. Both cerebral hemispheres participate in basic functions, such as receiving and analyzing
sensory impulses, controlling skeletal muscles on opposite sides of the body, and storing
memory. However, one side usually acts as a dominant hemisphere for certain other
functions.
14. The basal nuclei, also called the basal ganglia, are masses of gray matter deep within
the cerebral hemispheres.
15. The diencephalon develops from the posterior forebrain and is located between the
cerebral hemispheres and superior to the brainstem (see figs. 11.6 and 11.10). It
surrounds the third ventricle and is largely composed of grey matter.
16. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons,
and medulla oblongata. These structures include many tracts of nerve fibers and masses
of gray matter called nuclei (see figs. 11.6,11.10, and 11.11).
17. (Figure 11.11) Brainstem. (a) Anterior view of the brainstem. (b) Posterior view of the
brainstem with the cerebellum removed, exposing the 4th ventricle.
18. Sleep is normal, recurring, and reversible state of unconsciousness characterized in part
by limited sensory input and inhibited skeletal muscle activity.
19. The cerebellum is a large mass of tissue inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata (fig. 11.13).
20. The spinal cord is slender column of nervous tissue that is continuous with the brain and
extends downward through the vertebral canal. The spinal cord originates where
nervous tissue leaves the cranial cavity at the level of the foramen magnum (see
reference plate 15). The cord tapers to a point and terminates near the intervertebral
disc that separates the first and second lumbar vertebrae (fig. 11.14).
m
1 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
Concepts of the Nervous System Downloaded by Aplus(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUEH*&E*&YE(E*E*(*EII&UChapter
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(*OIUJE(**&EHUH(*&OIUEH*&E*&YE(E*E*(*EII&UChapter
(CNS)_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN 11 Anatomy Concepts of the Nervous System
11 Anatomy
(CNS)_removed.pdf
Concepts of the Ner
