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Anatomy
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Guide_removed.pdf
Study
Guide_removed.pdf
Guide_removed.pdf
Answer the following review questions to make sure you understand the key concepts
covered in Modules 1-4.
You do not need to turn this in. It is for your review only.
Chapter 1- Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
a. Anatomy examines the structures or morphology, of body parts—their
forms and organization. Physiology considers the functions of body parts—
what they do and how they do it.
2. What are the levels of organization and define each.
a. Chemicals consisting of tiny particles called atoms, which are composed of
even smaller subatomic particles. Atoms can join to form molecules, and
small molecules combine to form larger macromolecules. The basic unit of
structure and function is a cell. Cells of complex organisms make up
organelles. Specialized cells assemble into layers or masses that have
specific functions called tissues. Groups of different tissues form organs.
Groups of organs comprise organ systems. Interacting organ systems make
up organism.
3. What are the characteristics of life and define each.
a. Movement – change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an
internal organ
b. Responsiveness- reaction to change inside or outside the body
c. Growth- increase in body size without change in shape
d. Reproduction- production of new organisms and new cells
e. Respiration- Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing
energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration)
f. Digestion- Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be
absorbed and used
g. Absorption- Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
h. Circulation- movement of substances in body fluids
i. Assimilation- changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms
j. Excretion- removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
4. What are the requirements of life? Why is each important?
a. Water- for metabolic processes, as a medium for metabolic reactions, to
carry substances, and to regulate body temperature
b. Food- to supply energy and raw materials for the production of necessary
substances and for the regulation of vital reactions
c. Oxygen- to help release energy from food substances
d. Heat- to help regulate the rates of metabolic reactions
e. Pressure- atmospheric pressure for breathing; hydrostatic pressure to help
circulate blood
5. Define homeostasis.
a. The body’s ability to keep its internal conditions stable, such that its cells
can survive.
6. What is a homeostatic mechanism?
a. A self-regulating control system generally composed of three components:
Receptors, control center (set point), and effectors
Chapter 2 – Chemical Basis of Life
Anatomy
Anatomy
10/6/2026,
FinalFinal
Exam Exam
4:04:21
Study
Study
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1. Define matter, element and atom. What is the basic unit of matter?
a. Matter- Anything that has weight and takes up space. This includes all the
solids, liquids, and gases in our surroundings as well as in our bodies
b. Element- Simplest form of matter with specific chemical properties are the
elements
c. Atom- The smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of
that element
d. The basic unit of matter is an element
2. What is the structure of an atom?
a. Nucleus, electrons, protons and neutrons
3. Define nucleus, proton, neutron and electron. What charges do each of these
particles have?
a. Nucleus- Central portion
b. Proton- contains one or more relatively large particles (positive charge)
c. Neutron- uncharged and weigh the same as proton
d. Electron- One or more electrons moves around the nucleus (negative
charge)
4. What are covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds? What are the differences among the
three?
a. Covalent- A chemical bond between atoms that share electrons
b. Ionic- Ions with opposite charges attract form ionic bonds
c. Hydrogen- The attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to
the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule
5. Define synthesis, decomposition and exchange reactions.
a. Synthesis- when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more
complex structure, as when hydrogen and oxygen atoms bond to form
molecules of water, the reaction is called synthesis symbolized as:
i. A + B AB
b. Decomposition- If the bond of a reactant molecule break to form simpler
molecules, atoms, or ions, the reaction is called decomposition symbolized
as:
i. AB A + B
c. Exchange Reactions- Parts of two different types of molecules trade
positions as bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. Symbolized as:
i. AB + CD AD + CB
6. What is a reactant? a product?
a. The start materials changed by the chemical reaction are called reactants.
The atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the reaction’s conclusion are called
products.
7. Define catalyst.
a. Molecules that influence the rates (not the direction) of chemical reactions
but are not consumed in the process.
8. What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water?
a. When ionically bound substances are placed in water, the ions are attracted
to the positive and negative ends of the water molecules and tend to leave
each other or dissociate. Electrolytes are produced.
9. What is an acid? a base?
Anatomy
Anatomy
10/6/2026,
FinalFinal
Exam Exam
4:04:21
Study
Study
AMAnatomy Final Exam StudyDownloaded
Guide_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
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FinalFinal
Exam
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Exam
Study
Exam
Study
Guide_removed.pdf
Study
Guide_removed.pdf
Guide_removed.pdf
Answer the following review questions to make sure you understand the key concepts
covered in Modules 1-4.
You do not need to turn this in. It is for your review only.
Chapter 1- Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
a. Anatomy examines the structures or morphology, of body parts—their
forms and organization. Physiology considers the functions of body parts—
what they do and how they do it.
2. What are the levels of organization and define each.
a. Chemicals consisting of tiny particles called atoms, which are composed of
even smaller subatomic particles. Atoms can join to form molecules, and
small molecules combine to form larger macromolecules. The basic unit of
structure and function is a cell. Cells of complex organisms make up
organelles. Specialized cells assemble into layers or masses that have
specific functions called tissues. Groups of different tissues form organs.
Groups of organs comprise organ systems. Interacting organ systems make
up organism.
3. What are the characteristics of life and define each.
a. Movement – change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an
internal organ
b. Responsiveness- reaction to change inside or outside the body
c. Growth- increase in body size without change in shape
d. Reproduction- production of new organisms and new cells
e. Respiration- Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing
energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration)
f. Digestion- Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be
absorbed and used
g. Absorption- Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
h. Circulation- movement of substances in body fluids
i. Assimilation- changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms
j. Excretion- removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
4. What are the requirements of life? Why is each important?
a. Water- for metabolic processes, as a medium for metabolic reactions, to
carry substances, and to regulate body temperature
b. Food- to supply energy and raw materials for the production of necessary
substances and for the regulation of vital reactions
c. Oxygen- to help release energy from food substances
d. Heat- to help regulate the rates of metabolic reactions
e. Pressure- atmospheric pressure for breathing; hydrostatic pressure to help
circulate blood
5. Define homeostasis.
a. The body’s ability to keep its internal conditions stable, such that its cells
can survive.
6. What is a homeostatic mechanism?
a. A self-regulating control system generally composed of three components:
Receptors, control center (set point), and effectors
Chapter 2 – Chemical Basis of Life
Anatomy
Anatomy
10/6/2026,
FinalFinal
Exam Exam
4:04:21
Study
Study
AMAnatomy Final Exam StudyDownloaded
Guide_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
Guide_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN by Aplus Grade ()
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, lOMoARcPSD|64109549
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1. Define matter, element and atom. What is the basic unit of matter?
a. Matter- Anything that has weight and takes up space. This includes all the
solids, liquids, and gases in our surroundings as well as in our bodies
b. Element- Simplest form of matter with specific chemical properties are the
elements
c. Atom- The smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of
that element
d. The basic unit of matter is an element
2. What is the structure of an atom?
a. Nucleus, electrons, protons and neutrons
3. Define nucleus, proton, neutron and electron. What charges do each of these
particles have?
a. Nucleus- Central portion
b. Proton- contains one or more relatively large particles (positive charge)
c. Neutron- uncharged and weigh the same as proton
d. Electron- One or more electrons moves around the nucleus (negative
charge)
4. What are covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds? What are the differences among the
three?
a. Covalent- A chemical bond between atoms that share electrons
b. Ionic- Ions with opposite charges attract form ionic bonds
c. Hydrogen- The attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to
the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule
5. Define synthesis, decomposition and exchange reactions.
a. Synthesis- when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more
complex structure, as when hydrogen and oxygen atoms bond to form
molecules of water, the reaction is called synthesis symbolized as:
i. A + B AB
b. Decomposition- If the bond of a reactant molecule break to form simpler
molecules, atoms, or ions, the reaction is called decomposition symbolized
as:
i. AB A + B
c. Exchange Reactions- Parts of two different types of molecules trade
positions as bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. Symbolized as:
i. AB + CD AD + CB
6. What is a reactant? a product?
a. The start materials changed by the chemical reaction are called reactants.
The atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the reaction’s conclusion are called
products.
7. Define catalyst.
a. Molecules that influence the rates (not the direction) of chemical reactions
but are not consumed in the process.
8. What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water?
a. When ionically bound substances are placed in water, the ions are attracted
to the positive and negative ends of the water molecules and tend to leave
each other or dissociate. Electrolytes are produced.
9. What is an acid? a base?
Anatomy
Anatomy
10/6/2026,
FinalFinal
Exam Exam
4:04:21
Study
Study
AMAnatomy Final Exam StudyDownloaded
Guide_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
Guide_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN by Aplus Grade ()
Guide_removed.pdf)(#UUNDS*(HN
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Exam Exam
Study
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