BIOL 1009 final exam /UMN/UMN BIOL 1009
general biology Exam With Actual Correct
Questions And Verified Detailed Answers| Currently
Testing Version | Already Graded A+|Newest |2026
2027(university of Minnesota)
Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____.
a. are headed for extinction
b. evolved from the same ancestor
c. have increased genetic diversity
d. by chance had similar mutations independently in the past
e. are not related
b. "Homology" refers to similarity attributable to common ancestry.
Which of the following is NOT an observation or inference on which natural selection is
based?
a. There is heritable variation among individuals.
b. Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
c. Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.
d. Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave
more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited.
e. Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive.
b. Natural selection is based on the following: species produce more offspring than
the environment can support, only a fraction of an individual's offspring may
survive, there is heritable variation among individuals, and individuals whose
characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring
than those whose characteristics are less well suited. However, poorly adapted
individuals may still produce offspring. The difference between poorly adapted
individuals and well adapted individuals is that the poorly adapted individuals will
1|Page
,produce fewer (but usually not zero) offspring, and/or will produce less successful
offspring.
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas
the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions.
However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a
common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely
explanation for these data?
a. Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian
mechanisms.
b. Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales.
c. Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale
forelimb anatomy.
d. Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats.
e. Whales are not properly classified as mammals.
c.
Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in
specific environments are known as
a. adaptations
b. convergences
c. acquired characteristics
d. all of these answers are correct.
a.
Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive and reproduce more
successfully than do extreme phenotypes is known as
a. stabilizing selection
b. heterozygote advantage
c. phenotypic selection
d. directional selection
a.
2|Page
,Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive and
reproduce more successfully than do other individuals is known as
a. directional selection
b. disruptive selection
c. stabilizing selection
d. phenotypic selection
a.
In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous
recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group
has the selective advantage of being more resistant to malaria (heterozygous) than
those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle-cell
disease?
a. 8%
b. 4%
c. 32%
d. 16%
e. 2%
c. The 4% born with sickle-cell disease are homozygous for the sickle hemoglobin
allele, so q2 = 0.04 and q = 0.2. Because p = 1 − q, p = 0.8. The heterozygotes would
be equal to 2pq, or 0.32.
The correct answer is: 32%
Assume a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a character trait with these
genotypic frequencies: AA = 0.25, Aa = 0.50, and aa = 0.25. If you remove all the
homozygous dominants and allow the remaining population to reproduce (again under
Hardy-Weinberg conditions), what will be the frequency of homozygous dominants in
the next generation?
a. 0.11
b. 0.22
c. 0.44
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, d. 0
e. 0.50 Incorrect
a. The new frequencies of the three genotypes are: AA = 0, Aa= 0.66, and aa = 0.33.
If there were 100 individuals (carrying 200 alleles), 66/200 alleles would be A and p
= 0.33. The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals would then be p2, or
0.11.
The correct answer is: 0.11
The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs. If humans typically
differ from one another by about 3 million base pairs, what is the nucleotide variability
of Homo sapiens?
a. 0.1%
b. 3%
c. 50%
d. 1%
e. 10%
a. Nucleotide variability in humans is about 0.1% (3 x 106/3 X 109 = 0.001, or 0.1%),
indicating that Homo sapiens is a fairly young species.
The correct answer is: 0.1%
Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or
reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes is
known as
a. disruptive selection
b. sexual dimorphism
c. directional selection
d. heterozygote advantage
a.
In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the 2 in the term
2pq is necessary because
a. the population is diploid.
4|Page
general biology Exam With Actual Correct
Questions And Verified Detailed Answers| Currently
Testing Version | Already Graded A+|Newest |2026
2027(university of Minnesota)
Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____.
a. are headed for extinction
b. evolved from the same ancestor
c. have increased genetic diversity
d. by chance had similar mutations independently in the past
e. are not related
b. "Homology" refers to similarity attributable to common ancestry.
Which of the following is NOT an observation or inference on which natural selection is
based?
a. There is heritable variation among individuals.
b. Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
c. Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.
d. Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave
more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited.
e. Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive.
b. Natural selection is based on the following: species produce more offspring than
the environment can support, only a fraction of an individual's offspring may
survive, there is heritable variation among individuals, and individuals whose
characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring
than those whose characteristics are less well suited. However, poorly adapted
individuals may still produce offspring. The difference between poorly adapted
individuals and well adapted individuals is that the poorly adapted individuals will
1|Page
,produce fewer (but usually not zero) offspring, and/or will produce less successful
offspring.
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas
the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions.
However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a
common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely
explanation for these data?
a. Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian
mechanisms.
b. Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales.
c. Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale
forelimb anatomy.
d. Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats.
e. Whales are not properly classified as mammals.
c.
Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in
specific environments are known as
a. adaptations
b. convergences
c. acquired characteristics
d. all of these answers are correct.
a.
Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive and reproduce more
successfully than do extreme phenotypes is known as
a. stabilizing selection
b. heterozygote advantage
c. phenotypic selection
d. directional selection
a.
2|Page
,Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive and
reproduce more successfully than do other individuals is known as
a. directional selection
b. disruptive selection
c. stabilizing selection
d. phenotypic selection
a.
In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous
recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group
has the selective advantage of being more resistant to malaria (heterozygous) than
those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle-cell
disease?
a. 8%
b. 4%
c. 32%
d. 16%
e. 2%
c. The 4% born with sickle-cell disease are homozygous for the sickle hemoglobin
allele, so q2 = 0.04 and q = 0.2. Because p = 1 − q, p = 0.8. The heterozygotes would
be equal to 2pq, or 0.32.
The correct answer is: 32%
Assume a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a character trait with these
genotypic frequencies: AA = 0.25, Aa = 0.50, and aa = 0.25. If you remove all the
homozygous dominants and allow the remaining population to reproduce (again under
Hardy-Weinberg conditions), what will be the frequency of homozygous dominants in
the next generation?
a. 0.11
b. 0.22
c. 0.44
3|Page
, d. 0
e. 0.50 Incorrect
a. The new frequencies of the three genotypes are: AA = 0, Aa= 0.66, and aa = 0.33.
If there were 100 individuals (carrying 200 alleles), 66/200 alleles would be A and p
= 0.33. The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals would then be p2, or
0.11.
The correct answer is: 0.11
The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs. If humans typically
differ from one another by about 3 million base pairs, what is the nucleotide variability
of Homo sapiens?
a. 0.1%
b. 3%
c. 50%
d. 1%
e. 10%
a. Nucleotide variability in humans is about 0.1% (3 x 106/3 X 109 = 0.001, or 0.1%),
indicating that Homo sapiens is a fairly young species.
The correct answer is: 0.1%
Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or
reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes is
known as
a. disruptive selection
b. sexual dimorphism
c. directional selection
d. heterozygote advantage
a.
In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the 2 in the term
2pq is necessary because
a. the population is diploid.
4|Page
