GENETICS EXAM 4 ESSENTIAL STUDY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Expression Vector Prokaryotic.
Answer: bacterial promoter, Shine-Dalgarno sequence, prokaryotic
transcription terminators.
◉ Expression Vector Eukaryotic.
Answer: eukaryotic promoter, Kozak sequence for translation
initiation, polyA signal, and introns sometimes required for stable
expression.
◉ DNA vs. cDNA.
Answer: DNA contains introns, promoters, and noncoding regions;
cDNA is reverse-transcribed from mature mRNA and contains only
expressed exons.
◉ How is cDNA made?.
Answer: Process using reverse transcriptase and primers to make
cDNA from mRNA.
◉ How does Agrobacterium-mediated transformation work? Is it
found in nature?.
, Answer: Natural system where Agrobacterium transfers T-DNA into
plant genomes; exploited to create transgenic plants. Occurs in
nature.
◉ How can transgenics be used in crop improvement?.
Answer: Plants engineered to contain foreign genes; used for pest
resistance, herbicide tolerance, and nutrient enhancement.
◉ CRISPR-Cas system.
Answer: Bacterial immune mechanism using guide RNA and Cas
nuclease to target and cut DNA; repurposed for genome editing.
◉ Sanger sequencing and how does it work?.
Answer: Chain-termination sequencing using fluorescent ddNTPs to
generate fragments that reveal nucleotide order.
◉ Genetic map.
Answer: Genome map based on recombination frequencies
measured in centimorgans.
◉ What were the two main approaches used for sequencing the
human genome?.
Answer: Map based and Whole genome shotgun sequencing
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Expression Vector Prokaryotic.
Answer: bacterial promoter, Shine-Dalgarno sequence, prokaryotic
transcription terminators.
◉ Expression Vector Eukaryotic.
Answer: eukaryotic promoter, Kozak sequence for translation
initiation, polyA signal, and introns sometimes required for stable
expression.
◉ DNA vs. cDNA.
Answer: DNA contains introns, promoters, and noncoding regions;
cDNA is reverse-transcribed from mature mRNA and contains only
expressed exons.
◉ How is cDNA made?.
Answer: Process using reverse transcriptase and primers to make
cDNA from mRNA.
◉ How does Agrobacterium-mediated transformation work? Is it
found in nature?.
, Answer: Natural system where Agrobacterium transfers T-DNA into
plant genomes; exploited to create transgenic plants. Occurs in
nature.
◉ How can transgenics be used in crop improvement?.
Answer: Plants engineered to contain foreign genes; used for pest
resistance, herbicide tolerance, and nutrient enhancement.
◉ CRISPR-Cas system.
Answer: Bacterial immune mechanism using guide RNA and Cas
nuclease to target and cut DNA; repurposed for genome editing.
◉ Sanger sequencing and how does it work?.
Answer: Chain-termination sequencing using fluorescent ddNTPs to
generate fragments that reveal nucleotide order.
◉ Genetic map.
Answer: Genome map based on recombination frequencies
measured in centimorgans.
◉ What were the two main approaches used for sequencing the
human genome?.
Answer: Map based and Whole genome shotgun sequencing
