WALDEN UNIVERSITY NURS 6501
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ What are mitochondria responsible for? Answer: . Mitochondria
contain the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy
metabolism (Makes ATP).
◉ What is the cytoskeleton? Answer: the "bone and muscle" of the
cell. The internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein
filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
◉ What is the plasma membrane? Answer: encloses the cell and, by
controlling the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful
influence on metabolic pathways
◉ What is signal transduction? Answer: The transfer of molecular
signals from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done
apoptosis occurs
◉ What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? Answer:
protein homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network.
This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones
,(helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems.
Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
◉ What do protein receptors do? Answer: on the plasma membrane,
enable the cell to interact with other cells and with extracellular
substances
◉ What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? Answer: (1) the
extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's
plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
◉ What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do?
Answer: (1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2)
adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid.
The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and
differentiation.
◉ How do cells communicate? Answer: (1) they form protein
channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect
intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and
(3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
◉ How is intercellular signaling done? Answer: contact-dependent,
paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
, ◉ What is ATP? Answer: Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is
required for active transport.
◉ What is anabolism? Answer: energy-using process of metabolism
◉ What is catabolism? Answer: the energy-releasing process of
metabolism
◉ What is passive transport? Answer: The movement of materials
across the cell membrane without using cellular energy, water and
small electrically uncharged molecules, done through osmosis
◉ What is oxidative phosphorylation? Answer: occurs in the
mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced
from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.
◉ What is endocytosis and exocytosis? Answer: Endo= into the cell
(engulf). Exo= out of the cell (excrete).
◉ What is active transport? Answer: requires the cell to expend
energy (by means of ATP) to move larger molecules and molecular
complexes
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS
CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ What are mitochondria responsible for? Answer: . Mitochondria
contain the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy
metabolism (Makes ATP).
◉ What is the cytoskeleton? Answer: the "bone and muscle" of the
cell. The internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein
filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
◉ What is the plasma membrane? Answer: encloses the cell and, by
controlling the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful
influence on metabolic pathways
◉ What is signal transduction? Answer: The transfer of molecular
signals from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done
apoptosis occurs
◉ What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? Answer:
protein homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network.
This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones
,(helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems.
Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
◉ What do protein receptors do? Answer: on the plasma membrane,
enable the cell to interact with other cells and with extracellular
substances
◉ What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? Answer: (1) the
extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's
plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
◉ What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do?
Answer: (1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2)
adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid.
The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and
differentiation.
◉ How do cells communicate? Answer: (1) they form protein
channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect
intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and
(3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
◉ How is intercellular signaling done? Answer: contact-dependent,
paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
, ◉ What is ATP? Answer: Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is
required for active transport.
◉ What is anabolism? Answer: energy-using process of metabolism
◉ What is catabolism? Answer: the energy-releasing process of
metabolism
◉ What is passive transport? Answer: The movement of materials
across the cell membrane without using cellular energy, water and
small electrically uncharged molecules, done through osmosis
◉ What is oxidative phosphorylation? Answer: occurs in the
mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced
from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.
◉ What is endocytosis and exocytosis? Answer: Endo= into the cell
(engulf). Exo= out of the cell (excrete).
◉ What is active transport? Answer: requires the cell to expend
energy (by means of ATP) to move larger molecules and molecular
complexes
