NR546 / NR 546 Psychopharmacology Final
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
Unipolar depression .
Answer: major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year, prevalence
highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic
symptoms.
Question 2.
Bipolar disorder (BD) .
Answer: Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood,
energy, and ability to function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood
or psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may cycle
rapidly -diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or
hypomania with a history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide
Question 3.
mania .
Answer: characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable
mood. Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-
directed activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep,
excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility,
psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in high-risk activities.
Mania leads to significant functional impairment and may include psychotic
features or necessitate hospitalization
Question 4.
Bipolar Type I: .
,Answer: requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any
duration if hospitalization due to symptoms is required)
Question 5.
Bipolar Type II: .
Answer: diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current
or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer
than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause
significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these
symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in
the depression phase.
Question 6.
Cyclothymia: .
Answer: involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive
symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or
manic/hypomanic episode.
• If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD: . Answer: antidepressant therapy
may precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and
adults younger than 25
Question 7.
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
________________. .
Answer: monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the
onset of a hypomanic or manic episode
Question 8.
DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms .
Answer: Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
,Question 9.
5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms .
Answer: Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
Question 10.
monoamine hypothesis of depression .
Answer: -depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three
monoamine transmitters
Question 11.
serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess
Question 12.
Medication Management for Depression, First-Line Treatment: .
Answer: • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Question 13.
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Question 14.
Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI)
Question 15.
Serotonin Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs)
Question 16.
SSRI's .
Answer: Mechanism of action
Question 17.
inhibit 5-HT reuptake
Adverse effects
, -diarrhea
-headache
-weight gain
-sexual side effects
Question 18.
SNRI's .
Answer: Mechanism of action
Question 19.
inhibit 5-HT reuptake
• inhibit NE reuptake (increase energy, focus)
Question 20.
increase DA in prefrontal cortex (increase cognition)
Adverse effects
-elevated blood pressure
-anxiety
-insomnia
-constipation
Question 21.
NDRI's .
Answer: Mechanism of action
Question 22.
inhibit DA reuptake (increase alertness, motivation)
Question 23.
inhibit NE reuptake (increase energy)
Adverse effects
-agitation
-headache
-dry mouth
-constipation
-weight loss
Question 24.
SSRI Prescribing Pearls: med with mild antihistamine effects .
Answer: citalopram (Celexa)
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
Unipolar depression .
Answer: major depressive disorder (MDD)
one of the most common mental disorders
-Approximately 7.1% of adults in the U.S. had episode in last year, prevalence
highest (13.1%) among individuals aged 18-25
S/S
-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
-irritability
-withdrawal
-problems with sleep, eating, energy, concentration, or self-worth
-severe depression: may experience thoughts of suicide or psychotic
symptoms.
Question 2.
Bipolar disorder (BD) .
Answer: Chronic condition characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood,
energy, and ability to function
-Moods may be manic, hypomanic, or depressed and may include mixed mood
or psychotic features
-many have only experienced only one manic episode in their lifetime
-Mood fluctuations may be separated by periods of high stability or may cycle
rapidly -diagnosed when a client has one or more episodes of mania or
hypomania with a history of one or more major depressive episodes
-high risk for suicide
Question 3.
mania .
Answer: characterized by a persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable
mood. Related symptoms may include inflated self-esteem, increased goal-
directed activity or energy, including grandiosity, decreased need for sleep,
excessive talkativeness, racing thoughts, flight of ideas (FOI), distractibility,
psychomotor agitation, and a propensity to be involved in high-risk activities.
Mania leads to significant functional impairment and may include psychotic
features or necessitate hospitalization
Question 4.
Bipolar Type I: .
,Answer: requires at least one episode of mania for at least one week (or any
duration if hospitalization due to symptoms is required)
Question 5.
Bipolar Type II: .
Answer: diagnosis requires a current or past hypomanic episode and a current
or past major depressive episode. Symptoms last for at least 4 days but fewer
than seven.
-Hypomanic symptoms are not of sufficient duration or severity to cause
significant functional impairment, psychosis, or hospitalization.
-Anger and irritability are common.
-Clients often enjoy the elevation of mood and are reluctant to report these
symptoms, making bipolar more difficult to diagnose if the client presents in
the depression phase.
Question 6.
Cyclothymia: .
Answer: involves the chronic presentation of hypomanic and depressive
symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive or
manic/hypomanic episode.
• If bipolar depression is mistaken for MDD: . Answer: antidepressant therapy
may precipitate a manic episode or induce rapid-cycling bipolar depression
-may contribute to the increased incidence of death by suicide in children and
adults younger than 25
Question 7.
Antidepressants are used cautiously in clients with bipolar disorder and never as
________________. .
Answer: monotherapy
-Antidepressants should be combined with a mood stabilizer to prevent the
onset of a hypomanic or manic episode
Question 8.
DA, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms .
Answer: Decreased positive affect:
depressed mood
loss of joy
lack of interest
loss of energy
decreased alertness
decreased self-confidence
appetite changes
,Question 9.
5HT, NE Dysfunction causes what mood related symptoms .
Answer: Increased negative affect:
depressed mood
guilt
fear/anxiety
hostility irritability
loneliness
appetite changes
Question 10.
monoamine hypothesis of depression .
Answer: -depression occurs as a result of a deficiency of one or all three
monoamine transmitters
Question 11.
serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-while mania may result from an excess
Question 12.
Medication Management for Depression, First-Line Treatment: .
Answer: • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Question 13.
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Question 14.
Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRI)
Question 15.
Serotonin Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs)
Question 16.
SSRI's .
Answer: Mechanism of action
Question 17.
inhibit 5-HT reuptake
Adverse effects
, -diarrhea
-headache
-weight gain
-sexual side effects
Question 18.
SNRI's .
Answer: Mechanism of action
Question 19.
inhibit 5-HT reuptake
• inhibit NE reuptake (increase energy, focus)
Question 20.
increase DA in prefrontal cortex (increase cognition)
Adverse effects
-elevated blood pressure
-anxiety
-insomnia
-constipation
Question 21.
NDRI's .
Answer: Mechanism of action
Question 22.
inhibit DA reuptake (increase alertness, motivation)
Question 23.
inhibit NE reuptake (increase energy)
Adverse effects
-agitation
-headache
-dry mouth
-constipation
-weight loss
Question 24.
SSRI Prescribing Pearls: med with mild antihistamine effects .
Answer: citalopram (Celexa)
